* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download dnachap12_12-3
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
RNA interference wikipedia , lookup
Gene regulatory network wikipedia , lookup
Community fingerprinting wikipedia , lookup
List of types of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
Polyadenylation wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Molecular evolution wikipedia , lookup
Promoter (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme wikipedia , lookup
Eukaryotic transcription wikipedia , lookup
RNA silencing wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Transcriptional regulation wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Silencer (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
RNA and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 12-3 © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved RNA- the Other Nucleic Acid NUCLEOTIDES Also made of ___________ RIBOSE instead Sugar is _______ of deoxyribose. SINGLE stranded RNA is _________ URACIL Contains _________ instead of thymine. http://images2.clinicaltools.com/images/gene/dna_versus_rna_reversed.jpg 3 KINDS OF RNA HELP WITH INFO TRANSFER FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS RIBOSOMAL _________________RNA (rRNA) Combines with proteins to form ribosomes TRANSFER _________________RNA (tRNA) Matches m-RNA codon to add correct amino acids during protein synthesis _________________RNA (mRNA) MESSENGER carries code from DNA to ribosomes rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved mRNA image from http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/tmp/labeling/1140654_dyn.gif Figure 12–14 Transcription Section 12-3 Adenine (DNA and RNA) Cystosine (DNA and RNA) Guanine(DNA and RNA) Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only) RNA polymerase DNA RNA RNA POLYMERASE Enzyme called _____________________ separates strands, then uses one strand as a template to assemble an RNA copy. How does RNA POLYMERASE know where a gene starts and stops? Enzyme binds to places with specific DNA PROMOTERS sequences called _______________. RNA POLYMERASE PROMOTERS tell _________________ where to start. Signals at the end of the gene code cause transcription to _____ stop . http://images2.clinicaltools.com/images/gene/dna_versus_rna_reversed.jpg Video 3 Transcription animation See another transcription animation See a video clip about TRANSCRIPTION (12C) ACTIVITY • TRANSCRIPTION of DNA NON CODING DNA • • • • • • More than 90% of human DNA “JUNK” DNA Originally called ______________ REGULATION- Turn genes on/off TELOMERES - protective ends INTRONS ____________pieces edited out of message PSEUDOGENES - non functional genes due to mutations • VIRAL ELEMENTS - Leftovers from viral infections TRANSPOSONS • ________________ mRNA’s require EDITING before use Image by Riedell EX: antibody production different Immune system needs to be able to make a huge number of different antibodies to match new and different invaders http://www.sciencegeek.net/Biology/review/graphics/Unit8/Antibody.gif http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_bjeC1CyB28w/TOijgcetVjI/AAAAAAAAAvo/0hPZmygfSZo/s1600/colourful_cartoon_germs_bumper_sticker-p128396365988627252trl0_400.jpg • • • • • • TRANSPOSONS “Jumping” ____________ genes Can move from one place to another 1st described by Barbara McClintock in corn Environmental stress increases jumping Can move genes to new site Increase mutation rate http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7111/images/443521a-i1.0.jpg http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/images/mcclintock_05.jpg IT’S NOT “JUNK”! • Allows same gene to be used in different ways in different kinds of cells. • Differences in organisms are more about differences in regulation than in genes themselves • Role in evolution? Small changes in genes can have a big effect Mutations give natural selection new choices MASTER PLAN DNA stays safe in nucleus © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved TRANSCRIPTION (DNA→ RNA) & PROCESSING takes place in nucleus TRANSLATION (RNA→ proteins) takes place on ribosomes in cytoplasm “Blueprints” of master plan are carried to building site http://www.home-improvement-resource.com/images/architect.jpg HOW CAN JUST 4 BASES GIVE DIRECTIONS TO MAKE 20 AMINO ACIDS? Message is read in groups of 3 = _________ CODON UCGCACGGU UCG-CAC-GGU Serine - Histidine - Glycine Codons represent different amino acids The m-RNA Code Section 12-3 64 possible codons Some amino acids have more than one codon. AUG START= _______ STOP 3 codons for _____ ANTICODON ___________ on tRNA EACH tRNA carries only one kind of amino acid _____________ matches up with CODON ________ on mRNA Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved Figure 12–18 Translation Section 12-3 Figure 12–18 Translation (continued) Section 12-3 Video 4 SEE ANOTHER Translation Animation See a video clip about PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (12D) TRANSLATION VIDEO (Choose Large video) Mendel/flower images from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html Blood cell by Riedell GENES & PROTEINS Proteins are the connection between the gene code in the DNA and how that gene is expressed. A gene that codes for an enzyme (protein) to make a pigment can control the color of a flower. A gene that codes for an enzyme (protein) adds carbohydrates to glycoproteins to produce your blood type. Enzymes catalyze and regulate chemical reactions so proteins build and operate all cell components. REPLICATION DNA → DNA ____________ TRANSCRIPTION DNA → RNA ____________ RNA→ Protein TRANSLATION ___________ Concept Map Section 12-3 can be also called which functions to from also called to which functions to to make up also called which functions to Concept Map Section 12-3 RNA can be Messenger RNA also called Ribosomal RNA which functions to mRNA Carry instructions also called which functions to rRNA Combine with proteins from to to make up DNA Ribosome Ribosomes Transfer RNA also called which functions to tRNA Bring amino acids to ribosome