Download epigenetics

Evolution of
DNA
Technology
SITE Biology – Day 3
© NC-MSEN SITE: Biology
Day 3
Concept Mapping
Create a concept map for the
Evolution of DNA technology using
concepts that reflect your current
knowledge
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Day 3
What’s the BIG IDEA?
How is the manipulation of DNA,
either through natural processes or
human intervention, related to
diversity of organisms?
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Day 3
Activity: Analyzing Amino Acid
Sequences to Determine Evolutionary
Relationships
• Compare the amino acids
sequences of cytochrome c and
hemoglobin among
representative vertebrates
• Do these reflect every mutation?
© NC-MSEN SITE: Biology
Day 3
What’s the BIG IDEA?
• How, where, when COULD gene
expression be controlled?
– If a gene is expressed how would we
know? How could we measure it?
– How might gene expression differ
between prokaryotes and
eukaryotes?
© NC-MSEN SITE: Biology
Day 3
Gene Switches
• Even though DNA may be the
same in all cells of an organism,
not all genes are used.
• Only the genes that are needed
for a certain function are
“Turned ON”
• Those that are not needed are
“Turned OFF”
© NC-MSEN SITE: Biology
Day 3
Gene Regulation/Expression
• Methylation of DNA – the gene silencer!
• Structural modification of DNA – wrapped
tight and not accessible for transcription
• Regulatory Proteins
– Promoter (turns ON)
– Repressor (turns OFF)
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Day 3
“Lactose Intolerant”
• Does your stomach turn into a popcorn
maker when you eat an ice cream cone?
• You may be lactose-intolerant…unable to
digest lactose.
• If this applies to youyou are “normal”
• Everyone else is a mutant! Meaning?
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Day 3
Humans and Milk
• After you are weaned from the
breast or bottle, humans have no
need for milk.
• The lactASE gene (enzyme for
digesting lactOSE) should be
switched “OFF”
• Many people come from farming
ancestors who consumed milk
products after weaning. The switch
was kept “ON”
Analyze these statements. Could any lead to misconceptions?
© NC-MSEN SITE: Biology
Day 3
What’s the Big IDEA?
Where are all the places/times
that gene expression COULD
be controlled?
© NC-MSEN SITE: Biology
Day 3
© NC-MSEN SITE: Biology
Day 3
An Example of Gene Expression
in Prokaryotes
• Lac operons in E. coli
• Required for the metabolism of lactose
• Regulated by whether glucose is scarce &
lactose is present
• 3 genes are involved as well as a
promoter, terminator, and an operator
© NC-MSEN SITE: Biology
Day 3
© NC-MSEN SITE: Biology
Day 3
© NC-MSEN SITE: Biology
Day 3
Eukaryotic Chromosomes
• Highly coiled and condensed strands of
DNA.
• Each chromosome has specific genes that
may be activated depending on the job or
function of that particular cell.
• Most humans have a pair of homologous,
or similar, chromosomes. Helps to have a
backup!
© NC-MSEN SITE: Biology
Day 3
Examples of Gene Expression in
Eukaryotes
• A gene that codes for a protein is activated
• Cell has control over structure and function
• Leads to cellular differentiation,
morphogenesis, and the versatility and
adaptability of any organism
• Hox genes – Master Control Genes
© NC-MSEN SITE: Biology
Day 3
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• These signal molecules cause induction, triggering observable
cellular changes by causing a change in gene expression in the
target cell.
Fig. 21.10b
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Day 3
© NC-MSEN SITE: Biology
Day 3
Video: Ghost in Your Genes
New discoveries are changing
the way we think about how
DNA functions.
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Day 3
Biotechnology
• Any technological application that
uses biological systems, living
organisms, or derivatives thereof, to
make or modify products or
processes for specific use.
• Most common uses can be found in
agriculture, medicine, and food
science.
© NC-MSEN SITE: Biology
Day 3
BioTech Careers
• What do our local colleges and
universities have to offer our
students?
• What are some of the new and
exciting career choices our students
have?
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Day 3
Genetic Engineering
• Include:
– Gene modification
– Gene splicing
• Involve:
– Isolating genes
– Manipulating genes
– Re-introducing genes
• Benefits:
– Producing proteins, enzymes, insulin
– Exhibiting resistance to chemicals
© NC-MSEN SITE: Biology
Day 3
DNA Fingerprinting
Solving issues in…
Forensics
Paternity
Immigration
Identification
Matching of Organ Donors
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Day 3
Activity: It Takes a Lickin’
(computer lab)
• Jimmy tries to determine
which of his 7 sisters
licked his prized
possession holographic
lollipop.
• Which sister is guilty?
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Day 3
Activity: Making New Plasmids
• Model the application of restriction
enzymes to create recombinant DNA
• What are the possible products?
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Day 3
© NC-MSEN SITE: Biology
Day 3
Activity: pGLO
• Bacterial Transformation
• Collect bacterial colonies, inoculate
transformation and negative control
tubes, streak plates.
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Day 3
Transgenic Animals:
Why would we do this?
• Farm animals producing
human proteins such as
insulin and breast milk
• Goats make spider silk in
their milk
• Rhesus Monkeys given
human Huntington’s gene
© NC-MSEN SITE: Biology
Day 3
Reproductive Cloning
• Process used to make a
genetic replica of an
organism
• Will it act the same?
• Will it look the same?
• Will it have the same
talents?
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Day 3
Therapeutic Cloning
• Used to harvest embryonic stem cells for
medical treatments
• Can produce a number of cells including
tissue, muscle, and organs
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Day 3
Bioethics
• What is right and what is wrong?
• Should government decide?
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Day 3
Homework
Read Arabinose operon
for tomorrow morning’s
reading strategy
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Day 3
Concept Map Review
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Evolution
DNA
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Gene Regulation
Gene Expression
DNA Fingerprinting
Genetic Engineering
Cloning
Biotechnology
© NC-MSEN SITE: Biology
Day 3