Download Wellness and Illness

Wellness and Illness
Wellness and Illness
• Cell Pathology
– understanding dysfunction of the body’s
heirarchy
– studied at the microscope level
1) examine cells
2) measure cell metabolism using chemical
or genetic testing
Cell Pathology
Biopsy → identifying conditions
1) amyloid deposition
2) atrophy
3) dysplasia
4) dystrophy
5) fatty change
6) hyperplasia
7) hypertrophy
8) metaplasia
9) metastasis
10) necrosis
Cell Pathology
amyloid deposition
• accumulation of amyloids in a cell –
amyloidosis
• amyloidosis usually results in cell death
• Alzheimer’s is an example of amyloid
deposition
Cell Pathology
atrophy
• decrease in size of cell, tissue, or organ
• due to undernutrition, blood flow
problems
• muscle atrophy is the result of nerve
damage or lack of muscle use.
Cell Pathology
dysplasia
• disorderly growth pattern in a tissue or
organ
• not cancerous
• significant impact on function of the
affected body structure
Cell Pathology
dystrophy
• “ill growth”
• progressive changes in tissue
• due to
1) long term malnutrition
2) undernutrition
3) decreased blood flow
Cell Pathology
fatty change
• accumulation of lipids in the cell due to
cellular injury
• ↑ alcohol → fat accumulation in liver cells
• fat continues to build up in cell’s
organelles until it disrupts normal cell and
tissue function
Cell Pathology
hyperplasia
• abnormal multiplication of the number of
cells in a tissue
• arrangement and distribution of cells in
the tissue not affected
• ↑ risk of certain cancers
• distorts the function of the tissue or organ
Cell Pathology
hypertrophy
• enlargement of a tissue or organ
• NOT due to cell number, but cell size
• distorts tissue or organ function
• disrupts homeostasis
Cell Pathology
metaplasia
• change in cell and tissue function from normal to
abnormal
• can be reversible – one cell type replaced by
another cell type → inappropriate functioning of
tissue or organ
• caused by:
– DNA damage
– exposure to hazardous chemicals
• long term metaplasia can result in cancer due to
breakdown in cell communication and tissue
organization
Cell Pathology
metastasis
• restricted to highly abnormal cells →
cancerous
• diseased cells break away from the
original location in the body and establish
themselves in a new area
– carry out abnormal functions in new location
Cell Pathology
necrosis
• localized tissue death
• results from
– blood flow decrease
– burns
– chemical damage
– infection
– injury
• results in deceased function of tissue,
organ, and organ system
Wellness and Illness
Cellular Aging
As we know, cellular aging = the
accumulation of molecular decay
Occurs 2 ways
1) cytoplasmic damage
2) DNA damage
Cellular Aging
No mitosis in:
a) fat cells
b) skeletal muscle
c) nervous tissue
Mitosis = minor DNA damage repairs made
Over a lifetime → cells accumulate years of
damage in cytoplasm = accumulated cell
damage
Cellular Aging
Cells with accumulated cell damage eventually
fail at performing normal tasks → negatively
affects other tissues and organ systems
The effects of accumulated cell damage are
increased by:
a) hazardous chemicals
b) pollution
c) smoking
d) radiation
e) ultraviolet light
f) viruses
g) stress
Cellular Aging
Too much chemical damage = premature
death due to:
1) metabolic malfunction
2) apoptosis
Cellular Aging
Cells that do replicate (mitosis) accumulate
different damage
• DNA damaged every S phase (mostly
deletions)
• After several hundred rounds of mitosis
these cells may function abnormally due
to accumulation of mutations
– digestive
– respiratory
– integumentary
Cellular Aging
• These changes can lead to cancer,
especially if genes related to mitosis are
damaged
• Additionally, every mitosis shortens the
end of chromosomes (telomeres)
• No genes on telomeres, but too much
telomere shortening → abnormal
chromosome structure → malfunction or
apoptosis
Cellular Aging
• Hypothesis that telomere shortening =
molecular clock
• Telomere shortening DOES NOT occur in
cancer cells
Cellular Aging
apoptosis
– normal cell death scheduled by genetic
programming, that does not affect
surrounding cells
Stress releases body chemicals that
contribute to decay
• chemicals bind to DNA ↑ altered gene
expression
dysfunction
biologists → abnormal, impaired, or
incomplete functioning of an organism,
organ system, organ, tissue, or cell
– almost all gross diseases are the result of
dysfunction in one or more tissues in an organ
system
biopsy
the removal of diseased cells for study
amyloid
• proteinlike material
• intended to be beneficial for cell, but
harmful when build up in cytoplasm
• indicate cell damage