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8.1 DNA Structure & Function Nucleic Acids • DNA & RNA are nucleic acids • Monomer? ▫ Nucleotides P N- Base 5-C Sugar DNA History • Watson & Crick developed “double-helix” model of DNA structure in 1953 • Used work of Rosalind Franklin http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/rosalin d-franklin-a-crucial-contribution-6538012 DNA Structure • Double helix ▫ Two chains (strands) of nucleotides twisted around each other • Within each strand: ▫ Sugar-Phosphate Backbone formed by sugar & phosphates of nucleotides ▫ Nucleotides of the backbone are connected by phosphate bonds DNA Structure Phosphate bond http://click4biology.info/c4b/3/images/3.3/dinucleotide.gif Making DNA DNA Structure • How are the two strands of nucleotides connected? • Two strands arrange themselves so that the Nbases are in the center • N-bases complementary bond with each other using hydrogen bonds ▫ Cytosine – Guanine (C-G) ▫ Adenine – Thymine (A-T) DNA Function • DNA acts as a blueprint for all life • DNA is arranged in genes ▫ Gene: sequence of nucleotides in DNA ▫ Each chromosome contains hundreds of genes! • One gene gives instructions for making one specific protein ▫ Remember: protein function Enzymes, transport, movement, immunity, etc DNA Function • Each protein is responsible for a trait ▫ Trait: physical manifestation of gene • Each human has the same genes, but we are not all the same. Why? ▫ Different order of nucleotides in our genes! RNA Structure • Single-helix ▫ Only one strand of nucleotides • The 5-C sugar in RNA is ribose • Does not have the base thymine, but has the base uracil instead http://www.tildee.com/Xbwj6f RNA Function • Enzymes make a RNA copy of one DNA gene ▫ RNA is much smaller than DNA • The cell uses this RNA copy to make a protein Central Dogma DNA RNA Protein