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Genes and How They Work Computer Filename: genes1.ppt Developed by Hugh B. Fackrell 1 5/23/2017 Overview 2 Genes are composed of DNA within the chromosome Genes code for proteins DNA is transcripted into RNA RNA is translated into protein by ribosomes Genes regulated by control of RNA production 5/23/2017 Lecture Outline Genes and How They Work 3 Genetic Code Gene Expression transcription translation Protein Synthesis Gene Regulation Gene Architecture 5/23/2017 Concepts from OAC 4 Structure & Function of DNA & RNA Genetic code Transcription & translation Protein synthesis Gene Regulation: operators, promotors , repressors 5/23/2017 Background Terms & Concepts Structure of DNA & RNA Ribosomes Enzymes Structure of Eukaryotic chromosomes 5 5/23/2017 The Genetic Code 6 Genetic information is stored in DNA sequences found in – Chromosomes – Mitochondria: 16 KB, 13 genes – Chloroplasts: 120-160 KB, 120 genes 5/23/2017 Structure of the Genetic Code DNA : sequences of four nucleotides A,T,G,C CODONS : blueprint for the polypeptide Start & Stop Signals: Where to read the blueprint Regulatory Sequences: When to read the blueprint – promotors – operators – enhancers 7 5/23/2017 CODONS sequences of three adjacent nucleotides that code for one amino acid or polypeptide termination 64 codons encrypt of ~ 20 amino acids degenerate RNA: ACU, ACC,ACA, ACG threonine degenerate DNA: TGA, TGG,TGT, TGC threonine 8 5/23/2017 Start Codon RNA: AUG DNA: TAC also codes for methionine 9 5/23/2017 Stop Codon Nonsense Codons RNA: UAA,UAG,UGA DNA: ATT, ATC, ACT 10 5/23/2017 Alternate Genetic Codes Sequence TGA ATA AGA AGG 11 Chromosome Stop Isoleucine Arginine Arginine Mitochondrion Trypt Methionine Stop Stop 5/23/2017 Interpreting the Genetic Code Two step process : – Transcription DNA --> RNA – Translation RNA--> protein 12 5/23/2017 RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA Messenger RNA 13 5/23/2017 Ribosomal RNA 14 called rRNA found in Ribosomes probably catalytic site provides site for protein assembly ribosomal structure different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes 5/23/2017 Prokaryotic Ribosomal RNA large subunit 5s(120), 23s (2900) Small subunit 16s (1540) 15 5/23/2017 Eukaryotic Ribosomal RNA Large subunit 5s(120) 28s (4700) 5.8s (160) Small subunit 18s(1900) Ribosomal RNA 18 S 5.8 S 28 S Transcribed Spacer RNA 16 5/23/2017 Ribosomal RNA 17 5/23/2017 Transfer RNA 18 called tRNA Smaller than mRNA or rRNA found in cytoplasm 40 different kinds of tRNA transports amino acids to ribosome positions amino acids on elongating polypeptide 5/23/2017 tRNA 19 5/23/2017 Messenger RNA called mRNA long single strand of RNA copy of the DNA to be decoded transfers information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for decoding 20 5/23/2017 Transcription Production of an RNA copy of the gene occurs in nucleus of eukaryotes – cytoplasm of prokaryotes 21 DNA unravels- single strand RNA Polymerase binds to Promotor site Reads from start sequence(TAC) assembles complementary single strand of RNA (primary RNA) Disengages when reaches stop codon 5/23/2017 RNA being read from DNA 22 5/23/2017 Prokaryotic Transcription and Translation 23 5/23/2017 Antibody Structure 24 5/23/2017 Eukaryotic Transcription & Translation 25 5/23/2017 Intron Splicing Regulated at DNA level by restriction endonucleases Regulated at RNA level by SPLICEOSOMES GU....AG sequences thalassemia syndromes 26 5/23/2017 Splicing of DNA 27 5/23/2017 Gene Rearrangement & Processing 28 5/23/2017 mRNA Splicing 29 5/23/2017 DNA Loops 30 5/23/2017