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CATALYST
TIME REMAINING:
7:00 MINUTES
The CATALYST is to be done independently and silently.
Answer the following questions in your notebook:
1. Compare and contrast the DNA and RNA. Compare and
contrast TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION
CATALYST
TIME REMAINING:
6:00 MINUTES
The CATALYST is to be done independently and silently.
Answer the following questions in your notebook:
1. Compare and contrast the DNA and RNA. Compare and
contrast TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION
CATALYST
TIME REMAINING:
5:00 MINUTES
The CATALYST is to be done independently and silently.
Answer the following questions in your notebook:
1. Compare and contrast the DNA and RNA. Compare and
contrast TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION
CATALYST
TIME REMAINING:
4:00 MINUTES
The CATALYST is to be done independently and silently.
Answer the following questions in your notebook:
1. Compare and contrast the DNA and RNA. Compare and
contrast TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION
CATALYST
TIME REMAINING:
3:00 MINUTES
The CATALYST is to be done independently and silently.
Answer the following questions in your notebook:
1. Compare and contrast the DNA and RNA. Compare and
contrast TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION
CATALYST
TIME REMAINING:
2:00 MINUTES
The CATALYST is to be done independently and silently.
Answer the following questions in your notebook:
1. Compare and contrast the DNA and RNA. Compare and
contrast TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION
CATALYST
TIME REMAINING:
1:00 MINUTES
The CATALYST is to be done independently and silently.
Answer the following questions in your notebook:
1. Compare and contrast the DNA and RNA. Compare and
contrast TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION
CATALYST
Silently and on your own, complete the task below
When you are finished, put your pencil down and look up. Remain silent to allow others to finish.
Answer the following questions:
2.
The backbone of DNA and RNA are made up of what component(s)?
•
nitrogenous base
•
phosphate
•
sugar
•
both B and C
•
The RNA type that carries the amino acid to the ribosome is called _____. It is involved
in the process is called ___________.
•
tRNA, transcription
•
rRNA, translation
•
tRNA, translation
•
mRNA, protein synthesis
Time Remaining
2:00 Minutes
CATALYST
Silently and on your own, complete the task below
When you are finished, put your pencil down and look up. Remain silent to allow others to finish.
Answer the following questions:
2.
The backbone of DNA and RNA are made up of what component(s)?
•
nitrogenous base
•
phosphate
•
sugar
•
both B and C
•
The RNA type that carries the amino acid to the ribosome is called _____. It is involved
in the process is called ___________.
•
tRNA, transcription
•
rRNA, translation
•
tRNA, translation
•
mRNA, protein synthesis
Time Remaining
1:00 Minutes
CATALYST
The CATALYST is to be done independently and silently.
Answer the following questions in your notebook:
1. Compare and contrast the DNA and RNA. Compare and
contrast TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION
CATALYST
Silently and on your own, complete the task below
When you are finished, put your pencil down and look up. Remain silent to allow others to finish.
Answer the following questions:
2.
The backbone of DNA and RNA are made up of what component(s)?
•
nitrogenous base
•
phosphate
•
sugar
•
both B and C
•
The RNA type that carries the amino acid to the ribosome is called _____. It is involved
in the process is called ___________.
•
tRNA, transcription
•
rRNA, translation
•
tRNA, translation
•
mRNA, protein synthesis
Week Agenda
• Monday - Wednesday: Mutations
• Thursday - Friday: Biotechology
• Friday
• Vocabulary Quiz II
• Formative Assessment II
Genetic
Mutations
Essential Question
• How do mutations impact an
organism?
Genetic Mutations
CENTRAL DOGMA
DNA
RNA
PROTEIN
THINK: Which aspect of the CENTRAL DOGMA can
mutations affect?
Genetic Mutations
• Mutations: changes in the DNA
sequence affecting the genetic
code
• Gene mutations: changes in a
single gene
• Chromosomal mutations: involve
changes in whole chromosomes
Gene Mutation Types
Point Mutations
• Point Mutations: mutations
that affect one nucleotide
• Occur at a single point
• Some are substitutions
that can change one amino
acid into another, which can
change the shape of the
protein
• i.e. Sickel Cell Anemia
Sickle Cell
Anemia
Think: Point Mutations
THECATATETHERAT
THECWTATETHERAT
single point mutation (substitution)
Point Mutations
Point Mutations
• AUG GCA CGA GCG (RNA)
•MET ALA ARG ALA (Protein)
•AUG GCC CGA GCG
•MET ALA ARG ALA
ALA remains ALA, despite mutation
If NO CHANGE in the amino acid occurs, it is a
SILENT MUTATION
Point Mutations
• If NO change in the amino acid occurs, it
is a SILENT MUTATION
• MISSENSE: a mutation CHANGES the
amino acid to a different codon
• NONSENSE: a mutation CHANGES the
amino acid to a STOP codon
What would happen if a STOP codon came up
too early during translation?
Frameshift Mutations
• Frameshift Mutations: when a single base is added or
deleted
• The result of a frameshift mutation is a new series of
codons
• The insertion or deletion of a nucleotide causes BIG
CHANGES in the synthesized protein
• Whole lines of codons will be changed and many
different amino acids will be produced
• i.e. Cystic Fibrosis
Think: Frameshift
Mutations
THECATATETHERAT
point of insertion E
THEECATATETHERAT
message is nonsensical
the “reading frame” is shifted
Frameshift Mutations
•THE DOG BIT THE CAT:
U
•
CGA
GCA
CGA
GCG
inserted
•THE DOU GBI TTH ECA T
•CGA GCU ACG AGC G
Frameshift Mutations
Chromosomal
Mutations
• Involves changes to the
number or structure of
chromosomes
• Chromosomal mutations may
change the location of genes
on chromosomes or the
number of copies of some
genes
Chromosomal
Mutations
THINK
• How many chromosomes do
human gametes have?
• Have many chromosomes human
body cells have?
• What can result when an
organism has an abnormal
number of chromosomes?
Deletions
• Deletions: part of the
chromosome or DNA sequence is
left out or removed
• Ex:
ABCDE
ABCE
Frameshift or point mutation?
Insertions
• Insertions/Duplications: occur
when part of a chromatid breaks
off and attaches to its sister
chromatid, resulting in a
duplication of genes on the same
chromosome
• Ex: ABCDE
ABCBCDE
Frameshift or point mutation?
Inversions
• Inversions: occurs when part of a
chromosome breaks off and is
reinserted backwards
• Ex: ABCDE
ADCBE
Frameshift or point mutation?
Translocations
• Translocations: occurs when part
of one chromosome breaks off
and is added to a different
chromosome (“jumping gene”)
• Ex: ABCDE
VWXYZ
WXABCDE
VYZ
Frameshift or point mutation?
Translocations
THINK
• Write the following CHROMOSOME strands after
the specified mutation occurs at the site indicated:
• Deletion: ABC DEF
• Insertion/Duplication: ABC
• Inversion: ABC DEF
• Translocation: ABC D*EF
• VWXYZ to *
DEF
Chromosomal
Mutations
FOUR MAIN TYPES:
• Deletion ABC DEF
• Duplication ABC DEF
• Inversion ABC DEF
• Translocation: ABC DEF
ABD EF_
ABB CDE F_ _
AED CBF
ABC DXY ZEF
Chromosomal
Mutations
Genetic Mutations
Can Mutations Be
Harmful?
• Mutations can lead to
diseases that can be passed
down through families
Sickle Cell Anemia
Think: Draw
•
• Cystic Fibrosis
• PKU
• Hemophilia
EXIT TICKET 1
1.What is a mutation?
2.What is a point mutation?
3.What is a frameshift mutation?
4.What is the term to describe what
causes mutations?
5.Provide 3 examples of mutagens.
Karyotype
• A chart used to display an organism’s
chromosome pairs (used by geneticists)
• Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
Karyotype
• A Dog’s Karyotype
Down Syndrome
Trisomy
21
• Karyotypes are used to determine
mutations
• 1 in 800 live births
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/disorders/whataregd/down/
Turner Syndrome
• When females (XX) are born with
only one X chromosome
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/disorders/whataregd/turner/
What is CANCER?
• Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells
(mitosis). It ultimately kills the organism.
• Most cells have a fixed number of divisions
(~50) before they die. Cancer cells do not
have a limit.
What is CANCER?
• Mutagens cancer causing agents
• e.g. smoking, drugs, alcohol, sun,
radiation, obesity, and nitratecured foods
What is CANCER?
Cancer Facts
• Behavior contributes to approximately 40% of
all cancers
• Diet plays role in 35% of all cancer cases.
• The environment, workplace pollutants and
natural causes play a role in the rest.
Cancer Facts
• One out of three Americans will develop
cancer.
• One out of four males and one out of three
females will die of cancer.
• Fossil evidence indicates that cancer has
been killing plants and animals for millions of
years.
Are Mutations Beneficial
or Harmful?
• Mutations can either be beneficial or
harmful
• Benefit: Genetic Variation
• Harm: Genetic Disorders
• Variation: differences between
individuals
Variation
The two main sources of genetic
variation (in other words why we are
different from each other):
1. random assortment of genes
during sexual reproduction
(crossing over)
2. mutations (nondisjunction)
Can Mutations Be
Beneficial?
Crossing over: when genes from one
chromosome are exchanged with
genes from another chromosome
Beneficial
Can Mutations Be
Beneficial?
Nondisjuction: when homologous
pairs of chromosomes do not
separate
Happens occasionally during meiosis
and results in half the gametes having
an extra chromosome (Trisomy) and
the other half having one less
chromosome (Monosomy)
Harmful
Benefits of Mutation
• Natural Selection: organisms best suited
to their environment as a result of good
genes survive and reproduce
• IF trait is beneficial, it will allow for an
organism to better adapt to the environment
• Organisms can live longer and multiply
• Survival of the fittest
• Can lead to new species over time
Benefits of Mutation
THINK: why is variation/mutation
beneficial to organisms?
• IF trait is beneficial, it will allow for an organism to
better adapt to the environment
• Organisms can live longer and multiply
• Survival of the fittest
• Can lead to new species over time
Mutation Summary
CENTRAL DOGMA
DNA
RNA
PROTEIN
• Changes in the DNA sequence
• Responsible for evolutionary change
• Can be either benign (harmless) or lethal
(harmful)
Genetic Mutations
Mutation
Expressed
Frameshif
t
Insertion
Silent
Point
Deletion Missense Nonsense
EXIT TICKET 2
1.Why can mutations be helpful?
2.Explain why a frameshift mutation is worse than
a point mutation?
3.Give an example of how mutations can be
good.
4.Give and example of how mutations can be
harmful.
5.At what level do mutations affect the central
dogma?