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CATALYST TIME REMAINING: 7:00 MINUTES The CATALYST is to be done independently and silently. Answer the following questions in your notebook: 1. Compare and contrast the DNA and RNA. Compare and contrast TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION CATALYST TIME REMAINING: 6:00 MINUTES The CATALYST is to be done independently and silently. Answer the following questions in your notebook: 1. Compare and contrast the DNA and RNA. Compare and contrast TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION CATALYST TIME REMAINING: 5:00 MINUTES The CATALYST is to be done independently and silently. Answer the following questions in your notebook: 1. Compare and contrast the DNA and RNA. Compare and contrast TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION CATALYST TIME REMAINING: 4:00 MINUTES The CATALYST is to be done independently and silently. Answer the following questions in your notebook: 1. Compare and contrast the DNA and RNA. Compare and contrast TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION CATALYST TIME REMAINING: 3:00 MINUTES The CATALYST is to be done independently and silently. Answer the following questions in your notebook: 1. Compare and contrast the DNA and RNA. Compare and contrast TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION CATALYST TIME REMAINING: 2:00 MINUTES The CATALYST is to be done independently and silently. Answer the following questions in your notebook: 1. Compare and contrast the DNA and RNA. Compare and contrast TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION CATALYST TIME REMAINING: 1:00 MINUTES The CATALYST is to be done independently and silently. Answer the following questions in your notebook: 1. Compare and contrast the DNA and RNA. Compare and contrast TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION CATALYST Silently and on your own, complete the task below When you are finished, put your pencil down and look up. Remain silent to allow others to finish. Answer the following questions: 2. The backbone of DNA and RNA are made up of what component(s)? • nitrogenous base • phosphate • sugar • both B and C • The RNA type that carries the amino acid to the ribosome is called _____. It is involved in the process is called ___________. • tRNA, transcription • rRNA, translation • tRNA, translation • mRNA, protein synthesis Time Remaining 2:00 Minutes CATALYST Silently and on your own, complete the task below When you are finished, put your pencil down and look up. Remain silent to allow others to finish. Answer the following questions: 2. The backbone of DNA and RNA are made up of what component(s)? • nitrogenous base • phosphate • sugar • both B and C • The RNA type that carries the amino acid to the ribosome is called _____. It is involved in the process is called ___________. • tRNA, transcription • rRNA, translation • tRNA, translation • mRNA, protein synthesis Time Remaining 1:00 Minutes CATALYST The CATALYST is to be done independently and silently. Answer the following questions in your notebook: 1. Compare and contrast the DNA and RNA. Compare and contrast TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION CATALYST Silently and on your own, complete the task below When you are finished, put your pencil down and look up. Remain silent to allow others to finish. Answer the following questions: 2. The backbone of DNA and RNA are made up of what component(s)? • nitrogenous base • phosphate • sugar • both B and C • The RNA type that carries the amino acid to the ribosome is called _____. It is involved in the process is called ___________. • tRNA, transcription • rRNA, translation • tRNA, translation • mRNA, protein synthesis Week Agenda • Monday - Wednesday: Mutations • Thursday - Friday: Biotechology • Friday • Vocabulary Quiz II • Formative Assessment II Genetic Mutations Essential Question • How do mutations impact an organism? Genetic Mutations CENTRAL DOGMA DNA RNA PROTEIN THINK: Which aspect of the CENTRAL DOGMA can mutations affect? Genetic Mutations • Mutations: changes in the DNA sequence affecting the genetic code • Gene mutations: changes in a single gene • Chromosomal mutations: involve changes in whole chromosomes Gene Mutation Types Point Mutations • Point Mutations: mutations that affect one nucleotide • Occur at a single point • Some are substitutions that can change one amino acid into another, which can change the shape of the protein • i.e. Sickel Cell Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia Think: Point Mutations THECATATETHERAT THECWTATETHERAT single point mutation (substitution) Point Mutations Point Mutations • AUG GCA CGA GCG (RNA) •MET ALA ARG ALA (Protein) •AUG GCC CGA GCG •MET ALA ARG ALA ALA remains ALA, despite mutation If NO CHANGE in the amino acid occurs, it is a SILENT MUTATION Point Mutations • If NO change in the amino acid occurs, it is a SILENT MUTATION • MISSENSE: a mutation CHANGES the amino acid to a different codon • NONSENSE: a mutation CHANGES the amino acid to a STOP codon What would happen if a STOP codon came up too early during translation? Frameshift Mutations • Frameshift Mutations: when a single base is added or deleted • The result of a frameshift mutation is a new series of codons • The insertion or deletion of a nucleotide causes BIG CHANGES in the synthesized protein • Whole lines of codons will be changed and many different amino acids will be produced • i.e. Cystic Fibrosis Think: Frameshift Mutations THECATATETHERAT point of insertion E THEECATATETHERAT message is nonsensical the “reading frame” is shifted Frameshift Mutations •THE DOG BIT THE CAT: U • CGA GCA CGA GCG inserted •THE DOU GBI TTH ECA T •CGA GCU ACG AGC G Frameshift Mutations Chromosomal Mutations • Involves changes to the number or structure of chromosomes • Chromosomal mutations may change the location of genes on chromosomes or the number of copies of some genes Chromosomal Mutations THINK • How many chromosomes do human gametes have? • Have many chromosomes human body cells have? • What can result when an organism has an abnormal number of chromosomes? Deletions • Deletions: part of the chromosome or DNA sequence is left out or removed • Ex: ABCDE ABCE Frameshift or point mutation? Insertions • Insertions/Duplications: occur when part of a chromatid breaks off and attaches to its sister chromatid, resulting in a duplication of genes on the same chromosome • Ex: ABCDE ABCBCDE Frameshift or point mutation? Inversions • Inversions: occurs when part of a chromosome breaks off and is reinserted backwards • Ex: ABCDE ADCBE Frameshift or point mutation? Translocations • Translocations: occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and is added to a different chromosome (“jumping gene”) • Ex: ABCDE VWXYZ WXABCDE VYZ Frameshift or point mutation? Translocations THINK • Write the following CHROMOSOME strands after the specified mutation occurs at the site indicated: • Deletion: ABC DEF • Insertion/Duplication: ABC • Inversion: ABC DEF • Translocation: ABC D*EF • VWXYZ to * DEF Chromosomal Mutations FOUR MAIN TYPES: • Deletion ABC DEF • Duplication ABC DEF • Inversion ABC DEF • Translocation: ABC DEF ABD EF_ ABB CDE F_ _ AED CBF ABC DXY ZEF Chromosomal Mutations Genetic Mutations Can Mutations Be Harmful? • Mutations can lead to diseases that can be passed down through families Sickle Cell Anemia Think: Draw • • Cystic Fibrosis • PKU • Hemophilia EXIT TICKET 1 1.What is a mutation? 2.What is a point mutation? 3.What is a frameshift mutation? 4.What is the term to describe what causes mutations? 5.Provide 3 examples of mutagens. Karyotype • A chart used to display an organism’s chromosome pairs (used by geneticists) • Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes Karyotype • A Dog’s Karyotype Down Syndrome Trisomy 21 • Karyotypes are used to determine mutations • 1 in 800 live births http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/disorders/whataregd/down/ Turner Syndrome • When females (XX) are born with only one X chromosome http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/disorders/whataregd/turner/ What is CANCER? • Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells (mitosis). It ultimately kills the organism. • Most cells have a fixed number of divisions (~50) before they die. Cancer cells do not have a limit. What is CANCER? • Mutagens cancer causing agents • e.g. smoking, drugs, alcohol, sun, radiation, obesity, and nitratecured foods What is CANCER? Cancer Facts • Behavior contributes to approximately 40% of all cancers • Diet plays role in 35% of all cancer cases. • The environment, workplace pollutants and natural causes play a role in the rest. Cancer Facts • One out of three Americans will develop cancer. • One out of four males and one out of three females will die of cancer. • Fossil evidence indicates that cancer has been killing plants and animals for millions of years. Are Mutations Beneficial or Harmful? • Mutations can either be beneficial or harmful • Benefit: Genetic Variation • Harm: Genetic Disorders • Variation: differences between individuals Variation The two main sources of genetic variation (in other words why we are different from each other): 1. random assortment of genes during sexual reproduction (crossing over) 2. mutations (nondisjunction) Can Mutations Be Beneficial? Crossing over: when genes from one chromosome are exchanged with genes from another chromosome Beneficial Can Mutations Be Beneficial? Nondisjuction: when homologous pairs of chromosomes do not separate Happens occasionally during meiosis and results in half the gametes having an extra chromosome (Trisomy) and the other half having one less chromosome (Monosomy) Harmful Benefits of Mutation • Natural Selection: organisms best suited to their environment as a result of good genes survive and reproduce • IF trait is beneficial, it will allow for an organism to better adapt to the environment • Organisms can live longer and multiply • Survival of the fittest • Can lead to new species over time Benefits of Mutation THINK: why is variation/mutation beneficial to organisms? • IF trait is beneficial, it will allow for an organism to better adapt to the environment • Organisms can live longer and multiply • Survival of the fittest • Can lead to new species over time Mutation Summary CENTRAL DOGMA DNA RNA PROTEIN • Changes in the DNA sequence • Responsible for evolutionary change • Can be either benign (harmless) or lethal (harmful) Genetic Mutations Mutation Expressed Frameshif t Insertion Silent Point Deletion Missense Nonsense EXIT TICKET 2 1.Why can mutations be helpful? 2.Explain why a frameshift mutation is worse than a point mutation? 3.Give an example of how mutations can be good. 4.Give and example of how mutations can be harmful. 5.At what level do mutations affect the central dogma?