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Mutations A change in the DNA sequence that affects genetic information Germ cell mutations • Occurs in gametes • Do NOT affect the organism but are passed on to offspring Somatic Cell Mutations • Occurs in body cells • Affects the individual Types of Mutations • A. Chromosomal Mutations –Occurs during cell division Deletion • Loss of all or part of a chromosome –Opposite of duplication (segment is repeated Inversion • Part of a chromosome becomes oriented in reverse of its usual direction • Ex. TAGTAGTAG-•TAGTAGGAT Translocation • Part of one chromosome breaks off & attaches to another, nonhomologous chromosome Nondisjunction • When a pair of homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis • Ex. Trisomy 21 – Down Syndrome B. Gene Mutations • Results in different proteins being made Point Mutation • Involves one nucleotide in DNA sequence being substituted • Ex. TAG --- TCG Frameshift Mutation • One nucleotide is deleted or inserted, the code is shifted • Ex. TAGTAG --- TAGAG • TAGTAG --- TAGTAAG Causes of Mutations • Mutagens- environmental factors which damage DNA • A. Chemicals • B. Electromagnetic Radiation (X-rays) • C. UV Light