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A L.I.S.P Program to Estimate Equine Phenotypes By Susan. H. Melville AaBbCcCRcrDdEeFfGgOoPpRrRBrbSTYstyTtWw The above 15 standard pairs of genes could generate 230 or 1,073,741,824 different combinations! We can eliminate C, W, F, P, and RB AaBbCRcrDDEeGgOoRrSTYstyTtOo This still leaves us with 10 pairs, we are down to 220 or 1,048,576 possible combinations… still too high The Dominant Gene For each pair of genes we have 4 possible pairings, consider just gene “A” Foal 1 (AA) Foal 2 (A a) Foal 3 (a A) Foal 4 (a a) Foals 1, 2, 3 have different GENOTYPES but the same PHENOTYPE (appearance) because the dominant A is expressed This means we only need to check for the dominant condition in either parent, thus reducing our 4 checks to 2 • 1. (Dominant) • 2. (Recessive, Recessive) The exceptions are the genes O, R, and CR which will still need 4 rules each • OO or RR produces a stillborn foal • CRCR produces an unregisterable foal AaBbEeSTYstyCRcrDdGgRrTtOo PHENOTYPE is the key here…. When the genes are rearranged by function we find • 4 pairs produce 6 base colors AaBbEeSTYsty • 4 pairs affect the 6 base colors CrcrDdRrGg • 2 pairs produce patterns TtOo Only 97 Rules cover 1,048,576 Genotypes! Can this be reduced further? We can reduce processing time! • Since we are processing the genes as three separate subtypes (base, secondary, and pattern) there is no reason to LOAD all the rules at the same time. The Algorithm Load base color input rules Input parents base color genes Load base color output rules & Process Load secondary input rules Input parents secondary color genes Load secondary output rules & Process Load pattern input rules Input parents pattern genes Load pattern output rules & Process The Base genes in LISP AaBbEeSTYsty A a E e (POINTS) (~POINTS) (BLACK) (~BLACK) B (~LIVER) b (LIVER) STY (SOOTY) sty (~SOOTY) The Secondary Genes in LISP CRcrDdGgRr CR (CRÈME) cr (~CRÈME) CRCR (2 CRÈME) G (GREY) g (~GREY) R r RR D d (ROAN) (~ROAN) (LETHAL) (DUN) (~DUN) The Pattern genes in LISP TtOo O o OO T t (OVERO) (~OVERO) (LETHAL) (TOBIANO) (~TOBIANO)