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Chapter 3 Genetics: The Science of Heredity Section 1: Mendel’s Work Section 1- Objectives: To describe Mendel’s genetics experiments To identify the factors that control the inheritance of traits in organisms To explain how geneticists use symbols to represent alleles. Vocab 1. trait A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes. 2. heredity The passing of traits from parents to offspring. 3. genetics The scientific study of heredity. 4. purebred An organism that always produces offspring with the same form of a trait as the parent. 5. gene A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait. 6. alleles The different forms of a gene. 7. dominant allele An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present. 8. recessive allele An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present. 9. hybrid An organism that has two different alleles for a trait; an organism that is heterozygous for a particular trait. Notes 1. Gregor Mendel _______________________ is called the “father of genetics” 2. Mendel used peas because: have many traits that exist in only 2 forms – A. They _________________________ Garden peas produce large numbers of – B. _________________________ offspring in one generation so it is easy to collect large amounts of data to analyze 3. Traits are controlled by inheritance _________________ of genes _____________ one Organisms inherit ______ allele each from _________ parent. 4. 5. Some alleles are ____________________and others are dominant recessive __________________________. Chapter 3 Genetics: The Science of Heredity Section 2: Probability & Genetics Section 2 -Objectives: To describe the principles of probability and how Mendel applied them to inheritance To state how geneticists use Punnett squares To explain the meaning of the terms phenotype, genotype, homozygous, heterozygous, and codominance. Vocab 10. probability The likelihood that a particular event will occur. 11. Punnett square A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross. 12. phenotype An organism’s physical appearance, or visible traits. 13. genotype An organism’s genetic makeup, or allele combinations. 14. homozygous Having two identical alleles for a trait. 15. heterozygous Having two different alleles for a trait. 16. codominance A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive. Notes 1. Probability is the likelihood ___________________ that a particular event ____________________ will occur. 2. Mendel _____________________ was the first scientist to recognize that the principles ________________________ of probability ________________________ can be used to predict the result of genetic crosses. 3. Geneticists use Punnett squares to: – A. Show all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross – B. Determine the probability of a particular outcome 4. Phenotype _________________________ is the physical appearance, while genotype ________________________ is the Genetic makeup _______________________ make-up. 5. Punnett Square practice: B-Blue b-red B Genotype: Phenotype: 1 BB: 2Bb: 1bb 3 Blue, 1 red b B b BB Bb Bb bb 5. Punnett Square practice: G- Green g-Yellow Genotype: Phenotype: –2 Gg: 2gg –2 Green: 2 Yellow g g G g Gg gg Gg gg Your turn. Practice sheet. Independent and Silent Refer to your notes. Go over as a group. Chapter 3 Genetics: The Science of Heredity Section 3: The Cell and Inheritance Section 3: The Cell and Inheritance To describe the role of chromosomes in inheritance To identify and describe the events that occur during meiosis 17. meiosis The process that occurs in sex cells (sperm and egg) by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half. Notes 1. Sex cells have exactly half ____________ the number of other chromosomes as ____________ cells. 2. The chromosome theory of inheritance states: Genes are carried from parents to their offspring on chromosomes http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/013-036738-9/ch3/videoBlank.html?/ebook/products/0-13036738-9/video/vtchromo.mov 3. During meiosis, the chromosome: The chromosome pairs separate and are distributed to two different cells. The resulting sex cells have only have half as many chromosomes as the other cells in the organism. http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0-13036738-9/ch3/videoBlank.html?/ebook/products/0-13-0367389/video/vtmeiosi.mov See pg. In text 4. Genes ____________________ are located on chromosomes. 5. 23 Our bodies have ________ pairs of chromosomes that contain over 60,000 __________ genes. Chapter 3 Genetics: The Science of Heredity Section 4: The DNA Connection Section 4: The DNA Connection Objectives: To explain the term “genetic code”: To describe the process by which a cell produces proteins To describe different types of mutations and how they affect an organism. 17. messenger RNA RNA that copies the coded message from DNA in the nucleus and carries the message into the cytoplasm. 18. transfer RNA RNA in the cytoplasm that carries an amino acid to the ribosome and adds it to the growing protein chain. Notes 1. The main function of genes is to: Control the production of proteins in the organism’s cells. Proteins help to determine the size, shape, and many other traits in an organism. order The _________ of nitrogen _______________ bases along a gene _____________ forms a genetic code that specifies what type of protein ___________ will be produced. 2. http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0-13036738-9/ch3/videoBlank.html?/ebook/products/0-13-0367389/video/vtgeneti.mov http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0-13036738-9/ch3/videoBlank.html?/ebook/products/0-13-0367389/video/vtprotei.mov mutation A _____________ is a change in a gene ___________ or chromosome ____________________. 3. DNA mutations: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ajRf8yMBe0 4. Mutations can be: Harmful A. ____________ and an example cancer would be ______________. Helpful B. ____________ and an example Antibiotic resistance in bacteria would be ______________. Neither harmful or helpful C. ______________________ and an A white buffalo color on example would be ______________. a farm (versus a white buffalo color in the wild)