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Transcript
Complex Patterns of Inheritance Exceptions to Mendel’s rules: not simple dominant/recessive inheritance Incomplete Dominance The phenotype of the heterozygote is INTERMEDIATE. Red + White = Pink Red parent plant R R’ R RR’ RR’ RR’ RR’ White parent plant R’ All pink offspring! Codominance Both alleles are expressed! Red + White = Both Red and White (NOT pink!) Pleiotropy The ability of a gene to affect an organism in many ways, not just in one way. • Example: Human disease PKU (phenylketonuria) • Causes mental retardation and reduced skin & hair pigmentation • Caused by mutation in gene for creating the enzyme that breaks down the amino acid phenylalanine • This mutation makes the person unable to break down phenylalanine, leading to toxic levels that can damage the body in many ways. • PKU is manageable with medications and by following a diet free of phenylalanine. PKU patient Epistasis A gene at one location affects the expression of a gene at another location. Coat color in mice: BB & Bb (black) bb (brown) Gene that allows color to be deposited: CC & Cc (color is present) cc (albino) Multiple Alleles This is a gene that is controlled by more than two forms of an allele • Blood Types: A, B, AB, O • A and B are codominant • O is recessive to both Type A: IAIA or IAi Type AB: IAIB Type B: IBIB or IBi Type O: ii Polygenic Traits Trait controlled by two or more GENES (not alleles) AaBbCc x AaBbCc • Skin Pigmentation • Height Sex-Linked Traits Humans have 46 chromosomes 22 pairs autosomes (pairs 1-22) 1 pair sex chromosomes (pair #23) Males: XY Females: XX Sex-Linked traits are located on the X chromosome. These traits tend to affect males more than females. WHY?? Baldness Colorblindness is a sex-linked trait. People with normal vision should see a light image of a red/brown sailboat.
