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Decode the following message. CGCGGCCATGTC Codon Codes for AAA AUC CAG/ CAC CCG a cat ate brown dog GUA GCG UGG is my old UGA STOP Decode the following message. CGCGGCCATGTC Change your code based on your assigned group and decode again. GROUP 1- Change the last C to a G. GROUP 2- Remove the last 3 bases. Replace them with TTT. GROUP 3- Move the A between the two Cs. GROUP 4- Remove the last 3 bases. Replace with ACC. GROUP 5- Remove the last 6 bases. Replace with TAG TTT. Codon Codes for AAA AUC CAG/ CAC CCG a cat ate brown dog GUA GCG UGG is my old UGA STOP Make observations about the change that has occurred from the normal strand to the one below it. Make observations about the change that has occurred from the normal strand to the one below it. Make observations about the change that has occurred from the normal strand to the one below it. Gene Mutations: Substitution • Substitution= one nucleotide base pair substituted for another in a DNA sequence at single point (point mutation) • A change in one base pair = possible change in one amino acid sequence GATTTA CUAAAU GAATTA CUUAAU GCTTTA CGAAAU Leu Asn Leu Asn Arg Asn (no change/silent mutation) (1 amino acid changed) Gene Mutations: Insertion (Frameshift Mutation) • Insertion- one or more nucleotide base pairs added into a DNA sequence at a single point. • An insertion of one base pair causes a shift in the reading frame = One or more amino acids Base Pair changed Inserted CACTTTGGT CACATTTGGT GUGAAACCA GUGUAAACCA Valine Lysine Proline Valine STOP Gene Mutations:Deletion (Frameshift Mutations) • Deletion - one or more nucleotide base pairs removed from a DNA sequence at single point. • An deletion of one base pair causes a shift in the reading frame = One or more amino acids changed Base Pair Removed CACTTTGGT GUGAAACCA Val Lys Pro CCTTTGGT GGAAACCA Gly Thr Mutations & Location • Mutations in an unexpressed area of the chromosome will have no effect on the phenotype of an individual. • If mutations occur within the gametes, they can be inherited and expressed in the phenotype of an individual What happens when errors occur? • An error occurs in transcription in 1 out of 100,000 base pairs transcribed. • When this occurs, an RNA polymerase known as pol II "backtracks," or reverses, along the transcript to remove the damaged nucleotides. Gene vs. Chromosomal Mutations Gene Mutations Chromosomal Mutations Scale Small-Scale Large -Scale Types Substitution, Insertion, Deletion Duplication, Deletion, Translocation, Inversion, Nondisjunction Quickwrite Would it be worse for an error to occur during DNA replication or transcription? Why?