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Transgenic and Evolution
By Emily Norovsambuu
What is transgenic?
If a gene or genes that have been
transferred from a different species
to unlike species.
GMO or GEO
• An organism’s genetic material has been
altered using genetic engeneering
techniques
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biological and medical research
production of pharmaceutical drug
experimental medicine
gene therapy
agriculture golden rice.
Agricultural purposes
There are a few experience that to
transfer genetic material between
two unlike species for agricultural
purposes.
– increase milk production
– high growth rate
– used selective breeding to produce animals
that exhibit desired traits
What is transgenic use for?
Transgenic methods are useful
tools
– For in biology research
– the mechanisms of human and other diseases
– biological processes in eukaryotic or
prokaryotic cells,
– disease models
– some medical research
How transgenic works?
 Based on Watson and Crick discovery, biologist
found out that the combination of different
genes into an animal can be work only if the
gene is inherited by offspring.
 the discovery comes through in recombinant
DNA,
• genomic mapping
• genetic cloning
• analyze of gene expression
 The basic principle in the production of
transgenic animal is that the unfamiliar genes
must be transmitted through
• the germ line, so that every cell, including germ cells, of
the animal contains the same modified DNA.
The technology has already
produced transgenic animals
 Mice (glo)
 rats
 rabbits
 pigs
 sheep
 cows
 monkeys
3 method use produce transgenic
animals
 1st DNA microinjection
– absorb transfer of a single gene or a combination of
genes that are recombined and then cloned from
another member of the same species or from a
different species into the pro-nucleus of a
reproductive cell.
 2nd retrovirus-mediated gene transfer
– vectors to transfer genetic material into the host
cell, produces chimera, an organism consisting of
tissues or parts of diverse genetic constitution,
altered animals with mixed DNA.
 3rdembryonic stem cell-mediated
– requires live transgenic offspring to test the
transgene and it can test transgenes for all cell
stage.
Integrate of Chromosome
Normally transgene insert into one
chromosome giving rise to
heterozygous
– 50 % of the gene can transfer to the offspring.
What is the negative side?
 Farmers used growth hormones to
encourage the development of animals,
but they had a technique problem.
 One of the big problems was residue
ruins of the hormones remained in the
animal product.
 The achievement rate for transgenic is
very low, but the successful transgenic
animals need to be cloned or mated.