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Transcript
changes in the genetic material (DNA). 1.Gene Mutations 2.Chromosomal Mutations Point Mutations: Changes in one or more nucleotides Examples : a. Substitutions b. Insertions c. Deletions Substitutions switch 1/few base(s) for another Insertions add in an extra base Deletions loses a base **Insertions and deletions can cause a… Frame shift when a base is added or deleted, the bases are still read in groups of 3 (mRNA codons), BUT now the grouping is shifted for every codon that follows. It’s like cutting in line (insertion) or getting out of line (deletion)- everybody else moves forward or backward ** A frame shift mutation can alter a protein so much that it is unable to function normally. changes in the number or structure of chromosomes. Examples: Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation Deletion losing a gene (AB*DEF) genes of a chromosome are permanently lost as they become unattached to the centromere and are lost forever Duplicationadding an extra copy of a gene (ABBC*DEF) In this mutation, the mutants genes are displayed twice on the same chromosome due to duplication of these genes. Inversion flipping backwards the genes within a chromosome (FED*CBA) This is where the order of a particular order of genes are reversed as seen below Translocation- moving genes from 1 chromosome to another (ABC*DEF and GHI*JKL become ABC*JKL and GH*IDEF). This is where information from one of two homologous chromosomes breaks and binds to the other. Usually this sort of mutation is lethal ** Significance of Mutations: Some have little to no effect on gene expression or protein function. (Example: a substitution that doesn’t change the amino acid). Harmful changes- disrupt normal activities (many related to cancer). Some are actually useful/beneficial (example- crop plants). A gourd-shaped tortoise is seen in Huaibei, east China's Anhui Province, June 24, 2007. Residents say a gene mutation contributed to the aberration, local media reported. (China Daily/ Reuters )
