Download Genetics, II

Genetics II
Mendelian Genetics
• Complete dominance
Non-mendelian Genetics
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Codominance
Incomplete dominance
Multiple alleles
Pleiotropy
Epistasis
Polygenic inheritance
Sex-related inheritance
Pleiotropy
(pleion, “more”)
• Ability of a gene to affect an
organism in multiple ways
• Examples:
– 40% of cats with white fur and blue
eyes are deaf
– Phenylketonuria in humans (PKU)
• Lack of an enzyme that converts Phe 
Tyr
• Mental retardation, reduced hair and
skin pigmentation, eczema
– Sickle-cell anemia
• Problem with hemoglobin molecules
 misshapen RBC’s at low O2 concs 
kidney and bone damage
Epistasis
One gene affects expression of another
• Effects of one gene are
modified by one or
several other genes
called modifier genes
• Gene whose phenotype
is expressed  epistatic
• Examples:
–
–
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–
Coat color in mammals
Color of wheat grains
Fruit color in squash
Bombay phenotype in
ABO blood groups in
man
Polygenic inheritance
Additive effects of two or more genes on a phenotypic character
• Quantitative characters
vary in a population
along a continuum or
gradation
• Due to the presence of
contributory (ABC) and
non-contributory alleles
(abc)
• Expression can be
affected by
environmental factors
• Example:
– Skin pigmentation
controlled by at least
three separately
inherited genes
– Each dark skin allele
contributes a unit of
‘darkness’ to the
individual
– AABBCC  very dark
– aabbcc  very light
Polygenic Inheritance Problem Solving
Petal length of a plant ranges from
4mm to 12mm to 20mm. Out
of 770 plants, only 3 of them
have 4mm petals.
1. Give one genotype for a plant
with 12 mm petals.
2. Give two possible genotypes
for plants with 6 mm petals
3. What proportion of plants have
14 mm petals?
4. What is the phenotype of
plants with 7 contributory
alleles?
5. How many contributing alleles
does a plant with 4mm petals
have?
Sex-related
inheritance
44 +
XY
22 + Sperm 22 +
Y
X
expression of traits is affected by the sex
of the individual
44 +
XX
Parents
22 +
XY
Ova
44 + Zygotes
44 +
XX (offspring) XY
(a) The X-Y system
•
sex is an inherited
phenotypic character
determined by the
presence/absence of certain
chromosomes
• SRY (sex-determining region
of Y) in humans
1. Sex-linked inheritance
2. Sex-limited inheritance
3. Sex-influenced inheritance
22 +
XX
22 +
X
76 +
ZW
76 +
ZZ
(b) The X–0 system
(c) The Z–W system
32
(Diploid)
(d) The haplo-diploid system
16
(Haploid)
Sex-linked
inheritance
• Gene linkage – genes
located on the same
chromosome are
inherited together
• Sex-linkage
– Sex chromosomes
contain genes for many
characters unrelated to
sex
– X-linked/Y-linked gene
(1) Father
affected with
the disorder Xa,
Mother is
homozygous
dominant
(2) Carrier
mates with a
male of normal
phenotype
(3) Carrier
mates with a
male with the
disorder
Examples of X-linked alleles
Recessive alleles
• Color-blindness
• Duchenne muscular
dystrophy
• Hemophilia
• Testicular feminization
Dominant traits
• Hypophosphatemia
Mammalian females
• One of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated
• If female is heterozygous for a gene located on the X chromosome, she is a
mosaic
Two cell populations
in adult cat:
Active X
Early embryo:
X chromosomes
Cell division
and X Inactive X
chromosome Inactive X
inactivation
Allele for
black fur
Active X
Orange
fur
Black
fur
Examples of Y-linked (Holandric)
Inheritance
• Transmission of genes from father to son
– Testis-determining factor (TDF/SRY gene)
– hypertrichosis
Sex-limited inheritance
• involves autosomal genes that
are expressed only in either
males or females
• resulting in a part or function of
the body that is present in one
sex but not the other
• e.g. milk production
cryptorchidism
feathers in domestic fowl
Genotype
HH
Hh
hh
Female
Male
hen-feathered
hen-feathered
hen-feathered
hen-feathered
hen-feathered
rooster-feathered
Sex-influenced inheritance
• dominant in one sex but
recessive in the other
• autosomal
• difference in expression due to
the hormonal difference
between the sexes
– in heterozygotes, the expression
of the trait is affected by sex
hormones
– homozygotes unaffected and
express the trait regardless of the
hormone produced
•e.g. pattern baldness
•gene for hair growth pattern has 2
alleles: one that produces hair all
over the head and another that
causes pattern baldness
- the baldness allele is dominant
in males but recessive in females
- a heterozygous male is bald,
but a heterozygous female is not
Genotype
b1b1
b1b2
b2b2
Male (dominant)
Female (recessive)
bald
bald
bald
not bald
not bald
not bald