Is Organismic Fitness at the Basis of Evolutionary Theory?
... Biologists can measure the realized fitness of organisms by tallying such things as their lifetime reproductive success, and they can measure trait fitness by recording trait changes over time. Second is what we will call the conceptual role of fitness – that is, fitness as an element of the causal ...
... Biologists can measure the realized fitness of organisms by tallying such things as their lifetime reproductive success, and they can measure trait fitness by recording trait changes over time. Second is what we will call the conceptual role of fitness – that is, fitness as an element of the causal ...
The Strength of Phenotypic Selection in Natural Populations
... population: studies of discrete and categorical traits were not considered. Second, the studies examined natural phenotypic variation within populations: studies involving genetically or phenotypically manipulated traits, highly inbred or experimental genetic lines, or domesticated species were not ...
... population: studies of discrete and categorical traits were not considered. Second, the studies examined natural phenotypic variation within populations: studies involving genetically or phenotypically manipulated traits, highly inbred or experimental genetic lines, or domesticated species were not ...
The Strength of Phenotypic Selection in Natural
... population: studies of discrete and categorical traits were not considered. Second, the studies examined natural phenotypic variation within populations: studies involving genetically or phenotypically manipulated traits, highly inbred or experimental genetic lines, or domesticated species were not ...
... population: studies of discrete and categorical traits were not considered. Second, the studies examined natural phenotypic variation within populations: studies involving genetically or phenotypically manipulated traits, highly inbred or experimental genetic lines, or domesticated species were not ...
Truth and Reconciliation for Group Selection
... their group. They are ignoble to the extent that they make partisan decisions that benefit some at the expense of others or the long-term welfare of the group as a whole. When politics functions as it should, there can be no higher calling than to be a politician. Of course, politics rarely function ...
... their group. They are ignoble to the extent that they make partisan decisions that benefit some at the expense of others or the long-term welfare of the group as a whole. When politics functions as it should, there can be no higher calling than to be a politician. Of course, politics rarely function ...
Chapter 6: Natural selection on phenotypes
... chance of encountering a mate, getting caught in a storm, or coming in contact with a disease may be random with respect to most or all phenotypic traits. Even if there is a consistent relationship between fitness and some traits, there may be many others that do not affect fitness in a given genera ...
... chance of encountering a mate, getting caught in a storm, or coming in contact with a disease may be random with respect to most or all phenotypic traits. Even if there is a consistent relationship between fitness and some traits, there may be many others that do not affect fitness in a given genera ...
on the opportunity for sexual selection, the bateman gradient and
... James Crow’s “opportunity for selection” (Crow 1958). In a simple derivation, Michael Wade (1979) showed that, under a model of strict polygyny, the opportunity for selection is directly related to the variance in relative mating success, which came to be known as the “opportunity for sexual selecti ...
... James Crow’s “opportunity for selection” (Crow 1958). In a simple derivation, Michael Wade (1979) showed that, under a model of strict polygyny, the opportunity for selection is directly related to the variance in relative mating success, which came to be known as the “opportunity for sexual selecti ...
Diverse Adaptations of an Ancestral Gill: A Common Evolutionary
... the distant past poses a major challenge for evolutionary biology. For example, morphological innovations that took place around 350–450 million years ago are a key to understanding the origin of major terrestrial groups such as insects, arachnids, and land plants, but these early events are obscure ...
... the distant past poses a major challenge for evolutionary biology. For example, morphological innovations that took place around 350–450 million years ago are a key to understanding the origin of major terrestrial groups such as insects, arachnids, and land plants, but these early events are obscure ...
Role of sexlinked genes in quantitative inheritance
... and year to year, and with different systems of management and so on. The essential difference is that the influences of external environment on the phenotype are not inherited unless they cause genetic material to ...
... and year to year, and with different systems of management and so on. The essential difference is that the influences of external environment on the phenotype are not inherited unless they cause genetic material to ...
WHAT GOOD IS GENOMIC IMPRINTING: THE FUNCTION OF
... parent-of-origin effects was in the context of the elimination of paternal chromosomes during spermatogenesis in sciarid flies1,2. In this example, imprinting referred to differences in the segregation of homologues without differences in gene expression. However, in this review, we are concerned so ...
... parent-of-origin effects was in the context of the elimination of paternal chromosomes during spermatogenesis in sciarid flies1,2. In this example, imprinting referred to differences in the segregation of homologues without differences in gene expression. However, in this review, we are concerned so ...
Evolution 2010 Wilkins-1
... two loci, with each allele selected to increase its level of expression without limit. Clearly, infinite escalation is not biologically realistic, and at some point other factors or processes will limit this arms race in expression level. One possibility is that this escalation terminates when one o ...
... two loci, with each allele selected to increase its level of expression without limit. Clearly, infinite escalation is not biologically realistic, and at some point other factors or processes will limit this arms race in expression level. One possibility is that this escalation terminates when one o ...
A Comparative Genomic Study of Human and Chimpanzee
... 5 Natural Selection and Biological Function 5.1 Functional Analysis of Accelerated Genes in Human and Chimp 5.2 Functional Analysis of Positively Selected Genes . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Ancestral and Derived Trends of Relaxation and Positive Selection 5.4 Functional Roles of PSG in Human and in Chimp . ...
... 5 Natural Selection and Biological Function 5.1 Functional Analysis of Accelerated Genes in Human and Chimp 5.2 Functional Analysis of Positively Selected Genes . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Ancestral and Derived Trends of Relaxation and Positive Selection 5.4 Functional Roles of PSG in Human and in Chimp . ...
DETECTING CRYPTIC INDIRECT GENETIC EFFECTS
... Baldwin 1896). Chief among these is the fact that when two individual animals interact, the expression of a trait involved in the social interaction such as a behavior, a physiological response, or a morphological change, may depend on the phenotypic value of a trait expressed by the interacting par ...
... Baldwin 1896). Chief among these is the fact that when two individual animals interact, the expression of a trait involved in the social interaction such as a behavior, a physiological response, or a morphological change, may depend on the phenotypic value of a trait expressed by the interacting par ...
The role of linkage disequilibrium in the evolution of
... dominant secondary sexual character or display behavior, may be discriminated against because they express it poorly, thus providing a connection between selection against hybrids and a potential mating cue. The trait in question may not even necessarily be a secondary sexual characteristic; hybrids ...
... dominant secondary sexual character or display behavior, may be discriminated against because they express it poorly, thus providing a connection between selection against hybrids and a potential mating cue. The trait in question may not even necessarily be a secondary sexual characteristic; hybrids ...
Forces that influence the evolution of codon bias
... amino acids where it is expected that the same codon would always be favoured by selection. For example, the only Phe tRNA genes known across bacteria have GAA at the anticodon site, and so UUC is always expected to be favoured over UUU, when selection is effective. Similarly, for Tyr, Asn and Ile, ...
... amino acids where it is expected that the same codon would always be favoured by selection. For example, the only Phe tRNA genes known across bacteria have GAA at the anticodon site, and so UUC is always expected to be favoured over UUU, when selection is effective. Similarly, for Tyr, Asn and Ile, ...
Chapter 2 Resource: Traits and How They Change
... The environment plays an important role in the development of some phenotypes. In this lab, you will observe how camouflaged animals are less likely to be captured by predators. ...
... The environment plays an important role in the development of some phenotypes. In this lab, you will observe how camouflaged animals are less likely to be captured by predators. ...
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The... copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research
... the family group (represented in modern times by estate bequeathal). If available, these ‘extra’ resources could be used to help support not only Cain’s current son, but also the future copying success of all of Cain’s genes. If they had gone to support Abel, however (in the event that he had been r ...
... the family group (represented in modern times by estate bequeathal). If available, these ‘extra’ resources could be used to help support not only Cain’s current son, but also the future copying success of all of Cain’s genes. If they had gone to support Abel, however (in the event that he had been r ...
Gene Functional Trade-Offs and the Evolution of Pleiotropy
... depends on the nature of trade-offs as gene activities contribute to different traits and on how the functionality of these traits affects fitness. In general, when a gene product can perform well at two functions, it evolves to do so, but not when pleiotropy would greatly disrupt each function. Cons ...
... depends on the nature of trade-offs as gene activities contribute to different traits and on how the functionality of these traits affects fitness. In general, when a gene product can perform well at two functions, it evolves to do so, but not when pleiotropy would greatly disrupt each function. Cons ...
Segregating Variation in the Transcriptome: Cis Regulation and
... on other chromosomes must have been due to trans-acting effects of alleles on C3. This does not imply that the variable genes on other chromosomes have no cis-regulatory mechanisms, only that cis effects would not have contributed to genetic variation in our experiment. Variation in abundance of C3 ...
... on other chromosomes must have been due to trans-acting effects of alleles on C3. This does not imply that the variable genes on other chromosomes have no cis-regulatory mechanisms, only that cis effects would not have contributed to genetic variation in our experiment. Variation in abundance of C3 ...
Genome Growth and the Evolution of the Genotype
... a property of genetic transmission between organisms. How, therefore, can organismal selection get a “handle” on the processes that produce variation? The general answer to this question is that there must be correlations between variational properties and properties affecting organismal fitness. Th ...
... a property of genetic transmission between organisms. How, therefore, can organismal selection get a “handle” on the processes that produce variation? The general answer to this question is that there must be correlations between variational properties and properties affecting organismal fitness. Th ...
Postcopulatory sexual selection
... of males. Among their other functions, these substances deactivate sperm that are already stored in the reproductive tract of the female (offence), and act as an anti-aphrodisiac, discouraging the female from copulating with other males (defence)22. Sperm competition therefore results in intense mal ...
... of males. Among their other functions, these substances deactivate sperm that are already stored in the reproductive tract of the female (offence), and act as an anti-aphrodisiac, discouraging the female from copulating with other males (defence)22. Sperm competition therefore results in intense mal ...
Evolution of Synonymous Codon Usage in Neurospora tetrasperma
... Mouchiroud 1999; Duret 2000; Stoletzki and Eyre-Walker 2006). The hypothesis that codon usage is driven by selection has been supported by findings that codon usage biases are correlated to tRNA abundance (Ikemura 1982, 1985; Duret 2000). In addition, codon usage bias has been positively correlated ...
... Mouchiroud 1999; Duret 2000; Stoletzki and Eyre-Walker 2006). The hypothesis that codon usage is driven by selection has been supported by findings that codon usage biases are correlated to tRNA abundance (Ikemura 1982, 1985; Duret 2000). In addition, codon usage bias has been positively correlated ...
Expanded social fitness and HamiltonTs rule for kin, kith, and kind
... Any causes can be included (11, 17). In this respect, my approach is similar to that taken by the indirect genetic effects (IGE) school of social evolution, which can recover versions of Hamilton’s rule (1) in very similar ways (13–15). IGE is an extension of quantitative genetics to social evolutio ...
... Any causes can be included (11, 17). In this respect, my approach is similar to that taken by the indirect genetic effects (IGE) school of social evolution, which can recover versions of Hamilton’s rule (1) in very similar ways (13–15). IGE is an extension of quantitative genetics to social evolutio ...
What does Drosophila genetics tell us about speciation?
... other parts are not [54]. Taxa can be viewed as distinct species provided they form distinct clusters at some genomic regions: even without gene flow, human DNA is 98.77% identical to chimpanzee DNA, yet we regard humans and chimps as different species because of the remaining 1.23%. Alternatively, ...
... other parts are not [54]. Taxa can be viewed as distinct species provided they form distinct clusters at some genomic regions: even without gene flow, human DNA is 98.77% identical to chimpanzee DNA, yet we regard humans and chimps as different species because of the remaining 1.23%. Alternatively, ...
Gene functional trade-offs and the evolution of pleiotropy
... nature of the trade-off in functionality depends on what aspects of the gene product have to change in order to improve the functioning of a trait. In some cases, the optimal conformation of the entire protein might be different for the two functions, so that improving one function would substantial ...
... nature of the trade-off in functionality depends on what aspects of the gene product have to change in order to improve the functioning of a trait. In some cases, the optimal conformation of the entire protein might be different for the two functions, so that improving one function would substantial ...
Molecular Evolution of the Endosperm Starch Synthesis Pathway
... the roles of various forces of evolution, such as selection and drift, in shaping patterns of genetic variation (Clegg 1997). Numerous studies have been conducted to understand their relative roles in evolution (Wright and Gaut 2005; Ramos-Onsins et al. 2008). However, most of this work focuses on i ...
... the roles of various forces of evolution, such as selection and drift, in shaping patterns of genetic variation (Clegg 1997). Numerous studies have been conducted to understand their relative roles in evolution (Wright and Gaut 2005; Ramos-Onsins et al. 2008). However, most of this work focuses on i ...