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PASS Objectives
Content Standard 2.2
A sorting and recombination of
genes in reproduction results
in a great variety of possible
gene combinations from the
offspring of any two parents.
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Gregor Mendel - 8 min
Mendel studied 7 characteristics
A segment of DNA
controlling a trait
Any of several
alternative forms
of a gene
A segment of DNA
controlling a trait
Any of several
alternative forms
of a gene
A gene that masks
the effects of another
A gene whose effect
is masked by the
dominant gene
A gene that masks
the effects of another
A gene whose effect
is masked by the
dominant gene
A trait for which the
genes of the pair
are identical
A trait for which the
genes of the pair
are different
A trait for which the
genes of the pair
are identical
A trait for which the
genes of the pair
are different
The genetic makeup
of an organism
The external
appearance
of an organism
The genetic makeup
of an organism
The external
appearance
of an organism
An offspring from parents
with different traits.
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The traits of the offspring
are a combination of the
traits of the parents.
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DIFFERENT
SAME
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DIFFERENT
SAME
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genes are different what kind of trait?
DIFFERENT
SAME
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DIFFERENT
SAME
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DIFFERENT
genes are alike what kind of trait?
SAME
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DIFFERENT
SAME
The 64 words of the language of genetics
Which color
is dominant Red or White?
pink is a BLEND
of red & white
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Probability - 7 min
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Humans
reproduce in
relatively small
numbers.
Most plants
and animals
reproduce
in LARGE
numbers.
If you flip a coin
only 4 times you may get
four heads.
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heads - 100%
tails - 0%
If you flip a coin
400 times you WILL get
very close to:
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heads - 50%
tails - 50%
A Punnett Square
is a tool used
to predict the
possible offspring
of a genetic cross.
Use a capital case first letter
of the dominant trait to
represent the dominant gene
Use a capital case first letter
of the dominant trait to
represent the dominant gene
Use a small case of the
SAME letter to represent
the recessive gene
Use a small case of the
SAME letter to represent
the recessive gene
Heterozygous Red Parent
The possible genes
from one parent
go here.
The possible
genes from the
other parent
go here.
Draw
the
squares.
Fill in
the
letters.
These are
the genes
(genotypes)
possible
in the
offspring.
1 out of 4
are RR
2 out of 4
are Rr
1 out of 4
are rr
Gametes
Gametes
Gamete
Combinations
1/
4
are RR
1/
2
are Rr
1/
4
are rr
3/
4
1/
4
are Red
are white
3/
4
1/
4
are Red
are white
Remember, it only takes
ONE dominant gene for
that trait to show...
3/
4
1/
4
are Red
are white
but BOTH genes must
be recessive for that
trait to show.
In certain trees, smooth bark
is dominant over wrinkled.
Cross two trees that are
heterozygous for smooth bark.
If there are 100 offspring produced,
how many will have wrinkled bark?
In certain trees, smooth bark
is dominant over wrinkled.
Cross two trees that are
heterozygous for smooth bark.
What are the genotypes
of the parents?
In certain trees, smooth bark
is dominant over wrinkled.
Cross two trees that are
heterozygous for smooth bark.
Ss X Ss
How do we
begin to draw
the Punnett
square?
S
S
s
s
S
s
S
SS
Ss
s
Ss
ss
S
s
S
SS
Ss
s
Ss
ss
S
s
S
SS
Ss
s
Ss
ss
S
s
S
SS
Ss
s
Ss
ss
S
s
S
SS
Ss
s
Ss
ss
S
s
S
SS
Ss
s
Ss
ss
S
s
S
SS
Ss
s
Ss
ss
This is the Punnett square
for the cross.
S
s
S
SS
Ss
s
Ss
ss
What do we need to know?
S
s
S
SS
Ss
s
Ss
ss
Which square is wrinkled bark?
S
S
s
SS
Ss
s
Ss
ss
1/4
wrinkled
How do we use this to
answer the question?
S
S
s
SS
Ss
s
Ss
ss
1/4
wrinkled
25 out of 100 will have
wrinkled bark.
In flying purple people eaters,
one-horn is dominant
and no-horn is recessive.
Draw a Punnett square showing
the cross between two heterozygous
one-horn flying purple
people eaters.
Use H for one-horn and h for no-horn.
What are the genotypes
of the parents?
What are the genotypes
of the parents?
Hh X Hh
Now draw the
Punnett square.
H
h
H
HH
Hh
h
Hh
hh
H = one-horn
h = no-horn
In flying purple people eaters,
one-eye is dominant
and no-eye is recessive.
Draw a Punnett square showing
the cross between two heterozygous
one-eye flying purple people eaters.
Use E for one-eye and e for no-eye.
What are the genotypes
of the parents?
What are the genotypes
of the parents?
Ee X Ee
Now draw the
Punnett square.
E
e
E
EE
Ee
e
Ee
ee
E = one-eye
e = no-eye
The probability of independent
events occurring together
is the PRODUCT of the
probabilities of the
individual events.
If two heterozygous one-eye,
one-horn flying purple
people eaters are crossed,
what fraction of the offspring
will be no-horn, no-eye
flying purple people eaters?
If two heterozygous one-eye,
one-horn flying purple
people eaters are crossed,
what fraction of the offspring
will be no-horn, no-eye
flying purple people eaters?
Use the 2 squares you have and the
product rule to answer the question.
How many
are no-horn?
1/
4
will be
no-horn
1/
4
will be
no-horn
How many are
no-eye?
1/
4
will be
no-horn
1/
4
will be
no-eye
1/
4
1/ will be
will be
4
no-horn
no-eye
Using the product rule - 1/4 X 1/4 = 1/16
1 out of 16 will be no-horn, no-eye
flying purple people eaters.
r
w
r
rr
rw
w
rw
ww
What's wrong with
this Punnett square?
r
w
r
rr
rw
w
rw
ww
A Punnett square with no capital
letters show incomplete dominance.
Dominance is incomplete
in tulips.
What color are the offspring
when a homozygous red tulip
is crossed with a
homozygous white tulip?
Use the small case first
letter of each trait to
represent the genes.
r = red
w = white
rr X ww
r
r
w rw
rw
w
rw
rw
All the offspring are PINK.
What color are the offspring
when two pink tulips
are crossed?
rw X rw
r
w
r
rr
rw
w
rw
ww
1/
4
1/
2
1/
4
red
pink
white
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Genes for sex-linked
traits are located on
the X chromosome.
Colorblindness is a
sex-linked trait located on the X
chromosome.
The gene for normal
C
color sight is X .
The recessive gene for
c
colorblindness is X .
What would be the
genotype for a
colorblind female?
What would be the
c
c
genotype for a
XX
colorblind female?
What would be the
genotype for a
colorblind male?
What would be the
c
genotype for a
XY
colorblind male?
This female would have
normal vision but
C c
X
X
would be a "carrier"
of the colorblind gene.
A Sex-Linked Trait
Traits are influenced
by sex hormones...
but located on a
chromosome other
than a sex
chromosome.
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"Male-pattern baldness
is a sex-influenced trait.
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Hair loss in women is usually a
general thinning all over the scalp.
Traits controlled by
the additive effect of
multiple alleles.
It IS even possible for
more than one pair of
genes to have an
effect on the same trait.
Average Value
Extreme
Value
Bell
Curve
Extreme
Value
Average Height
Short
Tall
short or long index finger
Shorter
Same
Longer
Fold your hands together
by interlocking your fingers.
Which thumb is on top?
Dominant - L_
Recessive - ll
Dominant - S_
Recessive - ss
Dominant - T_
Recessive - tt
Dominant - W_
Recessive - ww
unattached
Dominant - E
attached
Recessive - ee
Dominant - D_
Recessive - dd
Dominant - F_
Recessive - ff
Male
Male
Female
Marriage Line
Offspring Line
Sibling Line
Oldest child
Oldest child
Youngest child
Shows the trait in question
Does not show the trait
in question
Carries the trait but
does not show it
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Pick a RECESSIVE
trait that YOU have
Right-thumbed
No Widow's Peak
Attached Ear Lobes
No Tongue-rolling
Hitch-hiker's
Thumb
Write your name and the trait
you are using at the top of
the paper.
Color in YOUR square or
circle on the chart
Take your pedigree chart home tonight
and check the people on the chart that
you can actually see.
Put a question mark in the squares or
circles for those you do not see.
Bring your completed pedigree chart
to class tomorrow.
Does A food taste the
same to everyone?
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WHY?
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1. Taste plain paper
the control
2. Taste PTC paper
describe the taste
Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)
is a chemical produced by
plants like cabbage, broccoli,
Brussel sprouts, turnips,
and kale.
70% of the U.S. population
detects at least some
bitterness when
they taste PTC.
TT - very bitter
Tt - slightly bitter
tt -
non-taster
Tasters show a greater
sensitivity to a wide
range of tastes...
including bitter, sweet,
and oral irritants such
as capsaicin in
chili pepper
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Non-taster and taster
status has clear
implications for one's
perception of
taste of a
wide range
of foods.
Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
the application
of molecular
genetics for a
practical purpose.
Recombinant DNA
is a combination of
DNA from two or
more sources.
One of the best applications
of recombinant DNA today
is the production of insulin.
The human gene for
insulin production
is isolated from a
human cell.
The human gene is
then inserted into
bacteria DNA.
The recombinant DNA
is inserted into a
bacterial cell.
When the bacteria cell
reproduces, all of its
offspring will have
the human gene.
Eventually, Trillions of
bacteria cells are
producing human insulin.
Vats of bacteria producing insulin
You want another
one just like HIM?!!
The nucleus
(DNA) is
removed from
an egg cell.
The nucleus
(DNA) from a
body cell is
inserted into
the empty
egg cell.
A structure
similar to
a fertilized
egg cell is
produced.
The cell begins
to divide and
produce an embryo.
Eventually producing
a complete organism.
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Doctor,
I believe your
cloning protocols
are wrong!
Eugenics, altering gene
pools to improve the traits
in human populations,
was a
thriving
science in
the 1930's.
Why isn't
eugenics
around
today?
Why isn't
eugenics
around
today?
Who is the father
of modern genetics?
Who is the father
of modern genetics?
Gregor Mendel
How many pea traits
did he follow?
How many pea traits
did he follow?
7
What theory did Walter
Sutton propose in 1903
that supported Mendel's
ideas about traits?
What theory did Walter
Sutton propose in 1903
that supported Mendel's
ideas about traits?
chromosome theory
A ___ is a segment of
DNA controlling a trait.
A ___ is a segment of
DNA controlling a trait.
gene
A gene that masks the
effect of another is ___
A gene that masks the
effect of another is ___
dominant gene
A gene whose effect is
masked is ___
A gene whose effect is
masked is ___
recessive gene
A trait for which the
genes of the pair are
identical
A trait for which the
genes of the pair are
identical
homozygous trait
A trait for which the
genes of the pair are
different
A trait for which the
genes of the pair are
different
heterozygous trait
The genetic makeup
of an organism
The genetic makeup
of an organism
genotype
The external appearance
of an organism
The external appearance
of an organism
phenotype
An offspring from
parents with different traits
An offspring from
parents with different traits
hybrid
Genes are combination of
___ (a number) DNA bases
called codons.
Genes are combination of
___ (a number) DNA bases
called codons.
3
The passing of traits from
one generation to the next
The passing of traits from
one generation to the next
heredity
A Punnett square is based
on mathematical ___
A Punnett square is based
on mathematical ___
probability
Capital letters on a
Punnett square represent
Capital letters on a
Punnett square represent
dominant genes
A Punnett square with
no capital letters tells you
A Punnett square with
no capital letters tells you
neither gene is dominant
What is the name of a
cross involving only
one trait?
What is the name of a
cross involving only
one trait?
monohybrid cross
X
What letters go here?
rr
What letters go here?
Genes for sex-linked traits
are located on the ___
chromosome.
Genes for sex-linked traits
are located on the ___
chromosome.
X
Sex-influenced traits are
different in each sex
because of ___
Sex-influenced traits are
different in each sex
because of ___
sex hormones
Traits controlled by the
additive effects of
multiple alleles are called
___ traits.
Traits controlled by the
additive effects of
multiple alleles are called
___ traits.
polygenic
A chart tracing the history
of a trait through several
generations.
A chart tracing the history
of a trait through several
generations.
pedigree chart
Males are represented by
Males are represented by
females are represented by
females are represented by
Why is this square colored in?
He has the trait in question.
Why is this circle
half-colored in?
She is a carrier.
Which is the oldest child?
The first one on the left
is always oldest.
The application of
molecular genetics for
a practical purpose.
The application of
molecular genetics for
a practical purpose.
genetic engineering
A combination of DNA
from two or more sources.
A combination of DNA
from two or more sources.
recombinant DNA
Who is the father
of modern genetics?
Who is the father
of modern genetics?
Gregor Mendel