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Translation Notes 4a. The general pathway by which ribosomes synthesize proteins, using tRNAs to translate genetic information in mRNA. Objectives • Identify the three kinds of RNA and their functions. • Describe how mRNA codons are translated into amino acids. • Summarize the process of protein synthesis. Vocabulary • • • • • Translation Codon Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Anticodon Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences. Translation • Process that converts, or translates, an mRNA message into a polypeptide. Codon • Three-nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid. The genetic code matches each mRNA codon with its amino acid or function. Codons are read as a series of three nonoverlapping nucleotides. A change in the reading frame changes the resulting protein. (Figure on board) Amino acids are linked to become a protein. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • Forms part of ribosomes, a cell’s protein factories. Ribosomes – The large and small ribosomal subunits pull mRNA through the ribosome, reading it one codon at a time. (Figure on board) Transfer RNA (tRNA) • Brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the growing protein. tRNA – One end of the tRNA has an anticodon that recognizes an mRNA codon. The other end is attached to an amino acid. (Figure on board) Anticodon • Set of three nucleotides that is complimentary to an mRNA codon. Translation converts an mRNA transcript into a polypeptide. The process consists of three repeating steps. (Figure on board)