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Protein Synthesis Georgia Performance Standards: SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. a. Distinguish between DNA and RNA. b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and transmitting cellular information. Essential Questions: EQ: How does the cell make protein? EQ: Why do you need DNA and RNA? EQ: What do proteins have to do with the genetic traits? Nucleic Acid Review • DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid • Double Helix – explains how DNA can be replicated – does not explain how a gene works. • Nucleus (eukaryote) • Cytoplasm (prokaryote) • DNA Polymerase • Deoxyribose Sugar • PO4-3 group • Nitrogenous base – Adenine – Thymine – Cytosine – Guanine Nucleic Acid Review • RNA: Ribonucleic Acid • Single stranded • In cytoplasm • RNA Polymerase • mRNA (codon) • tRNA (anticodon) • rRNA • Ribose sugar • PO4-3 group • Nitrogenous base – – – – Adenine Uracil Cytosine Guanine Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein Central Dogma: DNA RNA Protein RNA Contains the sugar ribose and the base uracil Usually is single stranded Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein Messenger RNA (mRNA) = the codon Long strands of RNA nucleotides that are formed complementary to one strand of DNA Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Associates with proteins to form ribosomes in the cytoplasm Transfer RNA (tRNA) = the anticodon Smaller segments of RNA nucleotides that transport amino acids to the ribosome Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein Concept Map Section 12-3 RNA can be Messenger RNA also called mRNA (Codon) Go to Section: Ribosomal RNA which functions to also called Carry instructions rRNA which functions to Combine with proteins from to to make up DNA Ribosome Ribosomes Transfer RNA also called tRNA (anticodon) which functions to Bring amino acids to ribosome Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein Transcription Through transcription, the DNA code is transferred to mRNA in the nucleus. DNA is unzipped in the nucleus and RNA polymerase binds to a specific section where an mRNA will be synthesized. Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein RNA Processing The code on the DNA is interrupted periodically by sequences that are not in the final mRNA. Intervening sequences are called introns. Remaining pieces of DNA that serve as the coding sequences are called exons. DNA and Genes Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein The Code Experiments during the 1960s demonstrated that the DNA code was a three-base code. The three-base code in DNA or mRNA is called a codon. Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein Translation In translation, tRNA molecules act as the interpreters of the mRNA codon sequence. At the middle of the folded strand, there is a threebase coding sequence called the anticodon. Each anticodon is complementary to a codon on the mRNA. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12.3 DNA, RNA, and 12 Protein Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein One Gene— One Enzyme The Beadle and Tatum experiment showed that one gene codes for one enzyme. We now know that one gene codes for one polypeptide. Protein Synthesis Overview: • Genes are sequences of DNA that code for the production of proteins in the cell. – mRNA (codon) enters the nucleus – RNA polymerase copies part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA (transcription) • DNA: CCC-TAG-GATGTA-CGC • mRNA: GGG-AUCCUA-CAU-GCG • Video Clip Protein Synthesis Overview: – mRNA goes through the nuclear pores to take that copy to the ribosome, which is in the cytoplasm. • mRNA: GGG-AUC-CUA-CAU-GCG • tRNA: CCC-UAG-GAU-GUA-CGC • Glyine-Isoleusine-Leucine-HistidineAlanine – tRNA (anticodon) reads the mRNA • Video Clip (codon) and transfers amino acids to make proteins (translation) Sequence of Events: 1. Initiation: – RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region on DNA. – tRNA binds to a specific start codon (AUG) on mRNA while transferring methionine to the AUG codon – Ribosome binds to the mRNA 2. Elongation: explained later 3. Termination: explained later Elongation: • The ribosome joins amino acids together through peptide bonds. • The ribosome moves along the mRNA binding new tRNA and amino acid molecules. Termination: • The process continues until the ribosome reaches one of the three stop codons. – UGA – UAG – UAA The Genetic Code: • Because there are four different bases, there are 64 possible three-base codons (4 × 4 × 4 = 64). • Some amino acids can be specified by more than one codon. • For example, six different codons specify the amino acid leucine, and six others specify arginine. The Genetic Code The Big Picture… • What do proteins have to do with genetic traits? – Proteins=enzymes=catalyze and regulate chemical reactions. – Gene=codes for an enzyme=produce pigmentation – Genes=code for proteins=regulate the rate and pattern of growth – DNARNAProteins= control all cellular processes Check for Understanding: 1. List the three main types of RNA. 2. What happens during transcription? 3. What happens during translation? 4. Describe three main differences between RNA and DNA. 5. Using the genetic code, identify the amino acids that have the following messenger RNA strand codes: UGGCAGUGC. Descriptive Writing (Alternate) • An RNA molecule is looking for a job in a protein synthesis factory, and it asks you to write its résumé. • This RNA molecule is not yet specialized and could, with some structural changes, function as either mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA. • The résumé you create should reflect the qualifications needed for each type of RNA. Protein Synthesis Georgia Performance Standards: • Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and RNA • Explain the role of DNA in storing and transmitting cellular information Essential Questions: EQ: How does the cell make protein? EQ: Why do you need DNA and RNA? EQ: What do proteins have to do with the genetic traits? Warm-up (Choose one): • Choice 1: Venn diagram – Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. – Indicate location, structure, & function • Choice 2: Descriptive Writing • An RNA molecule is looking for a job in a protein synthesis factory, and it asks you to write its résumé. • This RNA molecule is not yet specialized and could, with some structural changes, function as either mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA. • The résumé you create should reflect the qualifications needed for each type of RNA. Formative Assessment Review • Below, you are given a DNA sequence. Transcribe the correct mRNA (codon) sequence. Use the genetic code to determine the correct tRNA (anticodon) sequence. Translate the correct amino acid sequence from the mRNA codon. • Hints: DNA (A-T and G-C)RNA (A-U and G-C) • The codon codes for the amino acid sequence DNA = GGG-ATC-CTA-CAT-GCG mRNA (codon) = tRNA (anticodon) = Amino Acids = RIBOSOME GAME DNA =CTA-CTG-GTG-CTT-CTC-CGA-CGG-CGT-TTA-TTTCCC-GCG-GTG-CTT mRNA = GAU-GAC-CAC-GAA-GAG-GCU-GCC-GCA-AAUAAA-GGG-CGC-CAC-GAA tRNA =CUA-CUG-CUC-CUU-CUC-CGA-CGG-CGU-UUA-UUUCCC-GCG-GUG-CUU AMINO ACIDS= ASP-ASP-HIS-GLU-GLN-GLU-ALA-ALA-ASNLYS-GLY-ARG-HIS-GLU Word Wall: • Protein • DNA polymerase • RNA polymerase • Plasmid • Chromosome • mRNA • tRNA • rRNA • Promoter • Initiation • Avery • Hershey & Chase • Prokaryote • Eukaryote • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Deoxyribose sugar Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine Uracil Gene Chargoff Single stranded Cytoplasm Nucleus Double helix Termination Griffith Ribose Sugar •Watson & Crick •Rosalind Franklin •Transformation •Base pairing •Nucleotide •Chromatin •Histone •Replication •Transcription •Translation •Codon •Anticodon •Phosphate •Elongation