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Materials: 2 worksheets
*Turn in homework to blue tray
Catalyst: Transcribe and Translate
the following DNA strand:
DNA: ATCCACGGGATCTTC
mRNA:
Protein:
Materials: none
*Get out mutations notes 3.4 and
put on your desk.
Catalyst: Transcribe and Translate
the following DNA strand:
DNA: CTCCGCAAACCTGAG
mRNA:
Protein:
Elite Eight Trait Check-Up
1. Respect the Threshold
1. Everyone on time?
2. Silent for First Five?
2. Be Prepared (2 min)
1. Seated
2. Have materials
3. Working on catalyst
Announcements
• Tutorial Tomorrow (Tuesday) from 3:15-4:30.
• Come to make up/retake star quiz 10
• Star Quiz 11 Wednesday: over
Transcription, Translation, and Codon Charts
• Benchmark on Thursday/Friday
• Let us see how we compare to the rest of
the county! Lets be the best!
Star
Quiz
10
Mastery
• Class Averages:
•1
•2
•4
•5
•6
•7
st:
70.1%
nd:
83.4%
th:
80.1%
th:
74.2%
th:
68.6%
Th:
71.8%
Track Your Mastery
• Quiz Name: Star Quiz 10: Central Dogma
• Points Possible: 12
• Points Earned: Top of the Fraction
• Mastery Percentage: Percent
• Graph Mastery on Back
Genetic
Mutations
Essential Question
• How do mutations impact an
organism?
Genetic Mutations
• Mutations: changes in the DNA
sequence affecting the genetic
code
• Gene mutations: changes in a
single gene
• Chromosomal mutations: changes
in whole chromosomes
Genetic Mutations
CENTRAL DOGMA
DNA
RNA
PROTEIN
THINK: Which aspect of the CENTRAL DOGMA can
mutations affect?
Genetic Mutations
Mutation
Expressed
Frameshift
Insertion
Silent
Point
Deletion Missense Nonsense
Gene Mutation Types
Point Mutations
• Point Mutations: affect one
nucleotide
• Occur at a single point
• Some are substitutions
that can change one amino
acid to another amino acid
• i.e. Sickle Cell Anemia
Sickle Cell
Anemia
Point Mutations
1. MISSENSE: a mutation CHANGES the
amino acid to a different codon
2. NONSENSE: a mutation CHANGES
the amino acid to a STOP codon
3. SILENT:
a mutation that DOES NOT
change the amino acid
What would happen if a STOP codon came up
too early during translation?
Point Mutations
Point Mutations
•AUG GCA CGA GCG (RNA)
•MET ALA ARG ALA (Protein)
•AUG GCC CGA GCG
•MET ALA ARG ALA
ALA remains ALA, despite mutation
If NO CHANGE in the amino acid occurs, it is a
SILENT MUTATION
Think: Point Mutations
THECATATETHERAT
THECWTATETHERAT
single point mutation (substitution)
Frameshift Mutations
• Insertions:
• Ex:
additions of a nucleotide to the DNA sequence.
Crohn’s Disease
• Deletions: loss of a nucleotide from the DNA sequence.
• Ex:
Cystic Fibrosis
Frameshift Mutations
• The result of a frameshift mutation is new codons!
• Causes BIG CHANGES in the Protein
• Whole lines of codons will be changed and many
different amino acids will be produced
Think: Frameshift
Mutations
THECATATETHERAT
E
THEECATATETHERAT
point of insertion
message is nonsensical
the “reading frame” is shifted
Frameshift Mutations
•THE DOG BIT THE CAT:
U
•
CGA
GCA
CGA
GCG
inserted
•THE DOU GBI TTH ECA T
•CGA GCU ACG AGC G
Frameshift Mutations
THINK:
• Which is more harmful to a person’s DNA:
point mutation or a frameshift mutation?
Why?
a
Genetic Mutations
Can Mutations Be
Harmful?
• Mutations can lead to
diseases that can be passed
down through families
Sickle Cell Anemia
Think: Draw
•
• Cystic Fibrosis
• PKU
• Hemophilia
Down Syndrome Trisomy 21
• 1 in 800 live births
• Defining characteristics: a flat face, a small broad nose,
abnormally shaped ears, a large tongue, and upward
slanting eyes with small folds of skin in the corners.
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/disorders/chromosomal/down/
Turner Syndrome
• When females (XX) are born with only
one X chromosome
What is CANCER?
• Mutagens cancer causing agents
• e.g. smoking, drugs, alcohol, sun,
radiation, obesity, and nitratecured foods
Cancer Facts
• Behavior contributes to
approximately 40% of all cancers
• Diet plays role in 35% of all
cancer cases.
• The environment, workplace
pollutants and natural causes
play a role in the rest.
Cancer Facts
• One out of three Americans will
develop cancer.
• One out of four males and one
out of three females will die of
cancer.
• Fossil evidence indicates that
cancer has been killing plants
and animals for millions of years.
Are Mutations Beneficial
or Harmful?
• Mutations can either be beneficial or
harmful
• Beneficial: lead to Genetic Variation
• Harm: Genetic Disorders
Benefits of Mutation
THINK: why is variation/mutation
beneficial to organisms?
• IF trait is beneficial, it will allow for an organism
to better adapt to the environment
• Organisms can live longer and multiply
• Survival of the fittest
• Can lead to evolution of a species over time.
Mutation Summary
CENTRAL DOGMA
DNA
RNA
PROTEIN
• Changes in the DNA sequence
• Responsible for evolutionary change
• Can be either benign (harmless) or lethal
(harmful)
Panther Pass 1
1. What happens during a silent mutation?
What is the end result?
2.What is an insertion mutation? What is
the end result?
3.What is a nonsense mutation? What is
the end result?
4.Are mutations harmful, beneficial, or
both?