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If plants can make their own food they are called? • AUTOTROPHS • If we can not make our own food we are called? • HETERTROPHS PHOTOSYNTHESIS • HOW PLANTS MAKE THEIR OWN ENERGY – GLUCOSE • FORMULA IS: • CO2 + H2O + SUNLIGHT--->C6H12O6 + O2 • IT IS A SERIES OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES COUPLED WITH LIGHT PIGMENTS. • LET’S LOOK AT TWO CHEMICAL PROCESSES… Plant & Animal Cells need CHEMICAL ENERGY In the form of ATP • ADENOSINE TRI PHOSPHATE • REMOVE A PO4 GROUP & ENERGY IS RELEASED & BECOMES ______ • ADP CAN BECOME _____ Energy! Oxidation & Reduction • Reduction is… • When an atom gains an e- its charge is reduced. It becomes more negative • Oxidation is … • When an atom loses an e- its charge becomes positive. • Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration is a series of oxidation/reduction reactions. LEAVES ARE WHERE PHOTOSYNTHESIS TAKES PLACE SUNLIGHT REACTS IN THE CHLOROPLAST LIGHT HAS MANY COLORS • THE COLOR WE SEE IS VISIBLE LIGHT WHAT COLOR LIGHT DO PLANTS ABSORB TO MAKE GLUCOSE? • RED, BLUE & VIOLET ARE BEST • THEY REFLECT OTHER COLORS LIKE GREEN, YELLOW, ETC Plant pigments • CHLOROPHYLL a IS THE PRIMARY ONE- green • CHLOROPHYLL b IS ANOTHER ONEgreenish yellow • Carotenoids are yellow, orange and red pigments A closer look at the Thylakoid STROMA Gel-like substance surrounds Granum Photosynthesis Overview chloroplast Granum PHOTOSYSTEM II & I PS II H2O is split by Sunlight PSI MOVING OF H electron’s IN THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANE PHII & PHI NADP • NADP in PH II accepts an e- from Hydrogen (H2O) to become NADPH. • NADPH moves onto PHI • The movement of these e-’s causes ATP. PHOTOSYSTEM II COMES 1ST! • STEP 1. LIGHT AND CO2 ARE ABSORBED BY THE LEAVES • STEP 2. THE LIGHT SPLITS THE WATER. O2 IS RELEASED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE. • STEP 3. H+ IS ENERGIZED AND WANTS TO GET INTO THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANE. • ADP is in the thylakoid and becomes ATP • ATP is made in the Electron Transport Carrier PHOTOSYSTEM I 2nd Step • H+ GETS INTO THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANE • CREATES ATP FROM ADP (ADDS A PO4) • NADPH is created from NADP (REDUCTION) 3rd Step CALVIN CYCLE AKA DARK (C3) REACTION • THIS IS WHERE GLUCOSE IS MADE FOR THE PLANT • OCCURS IN THE STROMA (SPACE BTWN) OF THE CHLOROPLAST • NO SUNLIGHT IS NEEDED. ONLY NEEDS CO2, ATP & NADPH FROM PS I & PS II • CALVIN CYCLE CONVERTS ATP TO ADP & CONVERTS NADPH TO NADP (VIA OXIDATION, REMOVAL OF e-) PS II, PS I & CALVIN CYCLE OUTPUTS OF CC PRODUCT OF CC CELL RESPIRATION Animals do this! • They have to break down food molecules to create energy and release H2O & CO2 as by products • FORMULA IS: • C6H12O6 + O2----ENERGY+CO2 + H20 • The 1st step is called GLYCOLYSIS Step 1. GLYCOLYSIS Starts with the break down of Glucose (or any other type of organic compound) • OCCURS IN THE CYTOPLASM OF ALL CELLS • No O2 is required, anaerobic respiration • 1. THROUGH A SERIES OF REACTIONS, IT WILL PRODUCE: • 4 ATPS, AND 2 NADH+ & 2 PYRUVATES Overview of Glycolysis Step 2 Krebs Cycle Aerobic Respiration Step 2 of Cell Respiration The Krebs Cycle AKA CITRIC ACID • Oxidation reactions happen inside the Mitochondria to create electron transporters and ATP • Oxygen must be present! • 2 Acetyl CoA’s (pyruvate converted) now enters the Krebs cycle. • For each Acetyl CoA we get: • 1. cycle in the Krebs cycle to make: • 1 ATP, 3 NADH and 1 FADH (e- transporters) • So how many cycles, ATP, NADH and FADH will occur in total? Structure of the Mitochondria & the ETC (Step 3) http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/labeling/labeling07-1.htm STEP 3 STEP 4 Step 3 Electron Transport Chain • What are we transporting? • Electrons along the INNER mitochondrial membrane! • Transporting NADH & FADH from Glycolysis and Krebs to ETC ETC NADH & FADH! ELECTRON TRANSPORTERS! What NADH FADH does & what happens to the extra H+ protons FADH Step 4 ATP Synthase Channel & the power of H+ protons http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/atpsyn1.swf STEP 4 ATP SYNTHASE http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0070271348/student_view0/chapter7/elearning.html • H+ PROTONS NEED TO GET BACK INTO THE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX • THEY DO THIS VIA THE ATP SYNTHASE CHANNEL • JUST LIKE IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS THIS ALLOWS FOR ADP TO BECOME ATP WHEN THE H+ PROTONS ENTER • THIS HELPS TO MAKE 34 MOLECULES OF ATP! ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION no O2 required • There are 2 kinds • 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation • 2. Alcohol Fermentation Alcohol Fermentation, yeast do this. • It still begins w/Glycolysis to make ATP, NADH & Pyruvate • Pyruvate loses CO2 which then turns into Ethanol (an alcohol) • NADH becomes oxidized to NAD and is recycled back to glycolysis Lactic Acid Fermentation Our muscles do this when we exercise! • It still begins w/Glycolysis to make ATP, NADH & Pyruvate • Pyruvate is oxidized to lactate by the NADH • NADH then becomes NAD and is recycled back to glycolysis.