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Cellular Energetics Why are the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll a and the action spectrum for photosynthesis different? A. Green and yellow wavelengths inhibit the absorption of red and blue wavelengths. B. Bright sunlight destroys photosynthetic pigments. C. Oxygen given off during photosynthesis interferes with the absorption of light. D. Other pigments absorb light in addition to chlorophyll a. E. Aerobic bacteria take up oxygen which changes the measurement of the rate of photosynthesis. All of the following thermoregulations occur when an endothermic organism is decreasing its body temperature EXCEPT A. transfer of heat to the surrounding environment via convection B. nerve impulses to the blood vessels C. reduced blood flow D. transfer of heat to the surrounding environment via radiation E. vasodilation The distance marked "Z” represents A. The activation energy for A(g) + B(g) C(g) + D(g) B. The heat of reaction energy for A(g) + B(g) C(g) + D(g) C. The activation energy for C(g) + D(g) A(g) + B(g) D. The heat of reaction for C(g) + D(g) A(g) + B(g) The reaction labeled B is A. endergonic and catalyzed B. endergonic and uncatalyzed C. irreversible and spontaneous D. exergonic and uncatalyzed E. exergonic and catalyzed The activation energy of the reverse reaction is indicated by A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5 Recall that the complete oxidation of a mole of glucose releases 686 kcal of energy (ΔG = -686 kcal/mol). The phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP stores approximately 7.3 kcal per mole of ATP. Approximately what percentage of the energy of glucose (C6H12O6) is transferred to storage in ATP as a result of the complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water in cellular respiration? A. 2% B. 4% C. 10% D. 25% E. 40% The activation energy of the above reaction is indicated by A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5 In decreasing the energy of activation for a given reaction, enzymes A. increase the likelihood that the molecules involved in the reaction will collide and form products B. decrease the likelihood that the molecules involved in the reaction will collide and form products C. have no effect on the rate of product formation in a given reaction. D. increase the concentration of the substrate E. increase Ea for a given reaction The structure of ATP most closely resembles that of A. acetylcholine B. adenine nucleoside C. glutamate D. thymine nucleotide E. norepinephrine ATP serves as an effective energy transfer molecule because of A. the nature of the bonds existing between adjacent phosphate groups B. its release in response to the binding of calcium ions to enzymes on the cell membrane C. its role in cytochrome activity during the electron transport chain D. its ability to be both consumed and produced during glycolysis E. its rapid production by the mitochondria of prokaryotic cells A chemical reaction would be endothermic if the amount of free energy of the products is A. constant B. the same as the activation energy C. the same as that of the reactants D. less than that of the reactants E. more than that of the reactants Which of the following best describes the reason for the diffusion of solutes in water? A. Entropy B. Countercurrent exchange C. Endosymbiosis D. Active transport E. Bulk flow How is the energy stored in food molecules released and used to synthesize ATP? A. Relocation of electrons in redox reactions. B. Lysosomes degrade macromolecules to release the stored energy. C. Anabolic pathways. D. Biosynthesis. E. Rearrangement of the atoms that constitute the food molecules. In humans, the rate of glycolysis is regulated by A. negative feedback by excess ATP B. negative feedback by insufficient acetyl coA C. positive feedback by pyruvate deficiency D. positive feedback by excess O2 E. positive feedback by excess phosphofructokinase In anaerobic respiration, ATP is formed through A. hydrolysis B. enzyme-deficient anabolism C. substrate-level phosphorylation D. chemiosmosis E. oxidative phosphorylation Glycolysis does not continue if A. there is no oxygen present B. NADH is not oxidized C. FADH is not oxidized D. there is excess pyruvate E. there is excess carbon dioxide Which of the following statements is true about the NADH generated by glycolysis reaching the inner mitochondrial membrane? A. The mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH unless O2 is present. B. NADH cannot be used within the mitochondria. C. The two electrons of NADH stay within the cytosol. D. The NADH undergoes oxidative phosphorylation. E. The mitochondrial membrane accepts electrons using NADH embedded in its membrane What happens to the NADH and FADH2 that are created during the Krebs cycle? A. They are used in the electron transport chain only. B. They are used during oxidative phosphorylation only. C. They are used during both oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain. D. They are stored within the mitochondria. E. They couple with transport proteins on the plasma membrane to facilitate ion transfer. How does the electron transport chain keep electrons moving in one direction? A. By using ATP. B. Electronegativity and cytochrome affinity. C. Phosphorylation as electrons enter ATP synthase channels. D. Heat is added to excite the electrons. E. A concentration gradient forces electrons to bind to an oxidizing agent. During the electron transport chain, an H+ gradient is established. What happens at the mitochondrial matrix as a result of this gradient? A. The pH increases. B. The proteins disengage from the matrix. C. Water is formed and used to power the ATP synthase. D. The rate of glycolysis increases. E. No event occurs at the mitochondrial matrix. Which of the following is (are) the reduced form of an electron carrier? I. NADH III. FADH2 II. NAD+ IV. FAD A. I only B. II only C. I and III D. I and IV E. II and III Why is it necessary to regenerate the reduced forms of electron carriers during fermentation? A. The reduced form provides the energy for the production of ATP. B. It is required to maintain glycolysis. C. It is required to allow for the Krebs cycle to continue. D. It prevents the production of waste products. E. It allows the process to occur in the presence of oxygen. 16. In plants, ATP is synthesized in the A. chloroplasts and endoplasmic reticulum B. chloroplasts and mitochondria C. cytosol and mitochondria D. mitochondria and nucleus E. chloroplasts and cytosol Plant A is most likely to have high amounts of A. chlorophyll a B. carotenoids C. cytochrome c D. phycobilin E. porphyrin rings The action spectrum of plant A should peak at A. blue B. green C. red D. violet E. yellow The color of Plant A is most likely A. blue B. green C. red D. violet E. yellow In an experiment the rate of photosynthesis in chloroplasts is measured using a dye called DPIP. Which of the following statements about the experiment is NOT correct? A. DPIP does not change color when it accepts electrons that would normally be accepted by NADP+. B. As DPIP accepts electrons, it changes from blue to clear. C. An instrument called a spectrophotometer is used to measure the quantity of light that is absorbed. D. By varying light intensity it is possible to determine its effect on photosynthetic rates. E. By varying light wavelength it is possible to determine its effect on photosynthetic rates. The processes of photosynthesis pass from the A. grana to thylakoid disc B. stroma to thylakoid disc C. stroma to grana D. thylakoid disc to stroma E. thylakoid disc to grana Chemiosmosis in photosynthesis occurs A. across the chloroplast membrane B. across the plasma membrane C. across the thylakoid membrane D. within the grana only E. within the stroma only Base your answer to the following question on In an experiment in which the paper chromatography technique was used and the following migration distances were observed: What is the Rf of pigment 2? A. 0.28 B. 0.35 C. 0.70 D. 0.86 E. 1.43 The gas needed for photosynthesis is A. CO2 obtained by diffusion through the upper epidermis B. CO2 obtained by diffusion regulated by guard cells C. H2O obtained by osmosis through veins D. O2 obtained by diffusion through veins E. O2 obtained by diffusion regulated by guard cells If this plant is undergoing photorespiration, the Calvin cycle will release A. oxygen B. ATP C. sucrose D. carbon dioxide E. water Where does photosynthesis occur in blue-green algae? A. Thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts B. Stroma of chloroplasts C. Inner mitochondrial membrane D. Cell wall E. Plasma membrane C4 plants store CO2 so that stomata stay open for less time. This is to prevent excess A. adhesion B. CO2 intake C. evaporation D. O2 release E. transpiration Where do CAM plants store the organic acids they make during the night? A. The stroma of the chloroplasts. B. The vascular bundles of the stem. C. The vacuoles of mesophyll cells. D. The cytosol of the guard cells. E. The aquaporins. Starting with one molecule of glucose, the "net" products of glycolysis are A. 2 NAD+, 2 H+, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O . B. 2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O . C. 2 FADH2, 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, and 2 H2O . D. 6 CO2, 6 H2O , 2 ATP, and 2 pyruvate. E. 6 CO2, 6 H2O , 36 ATP, and 2 citrate. A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are being absorbed by this pigment? A. red and yellow B. blue and violet C. green and yellow D. blue, green, and red E. green, blue, and yellow A young animal has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help and is sent to the animal hospital for some tests. There they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, which is the best explanation of his condition? A. His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane. B. His cells cannot move NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria. C. His cells contain something that inhibits oxygen use in his mitochondria. D. His cells lack the enzyme in glycolysis that forms pyruvate. E. His cells have a defective electron transport chain, so glucose goes to lactate instead of to acetyl CoA. During oxidative phosphorylation, H2O is formed. Where does the oxygen for the synthesis of the water come from? A. carbon dioxide (CO2) B. glucose (C6H12O6) C. molecular oxygen (O2) D. pyruvate (C3H3O3-) E. lactate (C3H5O3-) Glycolysis is thought to be one of the most ancient of metabolic processes. Which statement supports this idea? A. Glycolysis is the most widespread metabolic pathway. B. Glycolysis neither uses nor needs O2. C. Glycolysis is found in all eukaryotic cells. D. The enzymes of glycolysis are found in the cytosol rather than in a membrane-enclosed organelle. E. Ancient prokaryotic cells, the most primitive of cells, made extensive use of glycolysis long before oxygen was present in Earth's atmosphere. In any ecosystem, terrestrial or aquatic, what group(s) is (are) always necessary? A. autotrophs and heterotrophs B. producers and primary consumers C. photosynthesizers D. autotrophs E. green plants In autotrophic bacteria, where are the enzymes located that can carry on organic synthesis? A. chloroplast membranes B. nuclear membranes C. free in the cytosol D. along the outer edge of the nucleoid E. along the inner surface of the plasma membrane In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about 5 X the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes, and about 17 X that of the cell's plasma membrane. What purpose must this serve? A. It allows for increased rate of glycolysis. B. It allows for increased rate of the citric acid cycle. C. It increases the surface for oxidative phosphoryation. D. It increases the surface for substratelevel phosphorylation. E. It allows the liver cell to have fewer mitochondria. Recall that the complete oxidation of a mole of glucose releases 686 kcal of energy (ΔG = -686 kcal/mol). The phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP stores approximately 7.3 kca In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to A. substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis. B. oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration. C. the Calvin cycle. D. carbon fixation. E. reduction of NADP+. Recall that the complete oxidation of a mole of glucose releases 686 kcal of energy (ΔG = -686 kcal/mol). The phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP stores approximately 7.3 kcal per mole of ATP. What is the approximate efficiency of cellular respiration for a "mutant" organism that produces only 29 moles of ATP for every mole of glucose oxidized, rather than the usual 36-38 moles of ATP? a. 0.4% b. 25% c. 30% d. 40% e. 60% Synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmotic mechanism occurs during A. photosynthesis. B. respiration. C. both photosynthesis and respiration. D. neither photosynthesis nor respiration. E. photorespiration. The reaction-center chlorophyll of photosystem I is known as P700 because A. there are 700 chlorophyll molecules in the center B. this pigment is best at absorbing light with a wavelength of 700 nm. C. there are 700 photosystem I components to each chloroplast. D. it absorbs 700 photons per microsecond. E. the plastoquinone reflects light with a wavelength of 700 nm. What is proton-motive force? A. the force required to remove an electron from hydrogen B. the transmembrane proton concentration gradient C. movement of hydrogen into the intermembrane space D. movement of hydrogen into the mitochondrion E. the addition of hydrogen to NAD+ What is the purpose of beta oxidation in respiration? A. oxidation of glucose B. oxidation of pyruvate C. feedback regulation D. control of ATP accumulation E. breakdown of fatty acids