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Peptide Bond Formation Walk the Dogma RECALL: The 4 types of organic molecules… CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS (amino acid chains) NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA and RNA) The CENTRAL DOGMA of CELL BIOLOGY Remember: DNA contains the instructions that tells the cell how to make proteins Protein Synthesis has 2 main phases: • Transcription (DNA → RNA) • Translation (RNA → Protein) DNA vs. RNA DNA -Deoxyribose Sugar -Double-stranded - A binds to T RNA - Ribose Sugar - Single-stranded - A binds to U (Uracil) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) There are 3 types of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA) • Structure: Linear Single Strand • Function: Carries genetic info from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm Transfer RNA (tRNA) • Structure: Hairpin Loop • Function: Binds and carries specific amino acids Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • Structure: Globular • Function: Combines with proteins to form ribosomes Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Protein Synthesis: TRANSCRIPTION Transcription: the process by which genetic information is copied from DNA to RNA • DNA double-strand “unzips” • RNA polymerase (an enzyme) binds to a specific region on DNA called a promoter • RNA polymerase travels along the gene, creating a chain of mRNA that is complementary to the strand of DNA • RNA polymerase reaches the termination signal at the end of the gene & falls off the DNA strand DEFINITION: GENE A specific segment on a strand of DNA, which encompasses the space between a promoter and a termination signal, that contains the instructions to make a single polypeptide Post-Transcriptional Modification • Occurs before translation can begin • Introns are removed, exons are joined – Intron: Non-coding sections of a gene – Exon: Region of a gene that does code for protein • This process a.k.a. mRNA SPLICING • Catalyzed by a spliceosome (RNA/protein complex) Intron = “Intervening” Exon = “Expressed” Translation’s Triplet Code REMEMBER : Through transcription, the cell has created a strand of mRNA • The next step is to translate that sequence of (4) nucleotides (A, U, G, C) into a correlating sequence of (20) amino acids • The genetic code of the mRNA is “read” by the ribosome 3 nucleotides at a time • Each 3 consecutive nucleotides is called a CODON • Each codon codes for a specific amino acid Protein Synthesis: TRANSLATION • mRNA leaves the nucleus and travels into the cytoplasm • A ribosome finds and binds to mRNA’s START CODON • A free-floating, amino-acid-carrying tRNA bearing the appropriate ANTICODON binds to the start codon • The amino acid detaches from its tRNA • The ribosome slides 3 nucleotides down the mRNA strand • (THE PROCESS NOW REPEATS ITSELF) A free-floating, amino-acid-carrying tRNA bearing the appropriate anticodon delivers the next amino acid to the forming polypeptide • The ribosome reaches the STOP CODON and falls off the mRNA, releasing the polypeptide (FINAL PRODUCT)