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DNA / RNA 5’ 3’ mRNA Types of RNA rRNA tRNA • Transcription: transfer of information from DNA to RNA in the nucleus In the process of transcription DNA is used to make a complimentary strand of RNA o The WHOLE strand of DNA doesn’t get turned into RNA at once o Instead, as needed, small sections of DNA are transcribed into RNA • Sections are called??? GENES o Transcription: If a gene is transcribed into mRNA it is being “expressed” Having the gene in your DNA is not enough It MUST be turned into RNA to do anything Genetic Code: Every three bases of the mRNA is called a Codon Each codon represents an Amino Acid The first codon of a gene is ALWAYS AUG 5’ 3’ A UGA GG Genetic Code: There are 64 possible three base combinations of AUGC • 1 is the start codon AUG (methionine) • 3 are stop codons and tell the cell when the protein is done: UAA, UAG, UGA • The other 60 represent the other 19 amino acids. Genetic Code: AUG tells the cell to bring in the amino acid Methionine AGG tells the cell to bring in a different amino acid, arginine 5’ 3’ A UGA GG Translation: The mRNA formed in transcription is taken to the ribosome where it serves as the directions to form a sequence of amino acids which form proteins. - Ribosome is made out of protein and rRNA Translation: Step 1: mRNA lines up in the ribosome 5’ A UGA GG Translation: Step 2: Enter tRNA - tRNA is a twisted up piece of RNA with an amino acid attached to one end V. Translation: Step 2: Enter tRNA Only bases we are interested in are the 3 at the bottom - These are called the Anti-codon Translation: Step 2: Enter tRNA There is a tRNA with a unique anticodon for each Amino Acid - The anti-codon binds to its complimentary codon in the mRNA Translation: Step 2: tRNA with anti-codon complimentary to AUG enters Ribosome with the first amino acid AA 1 5’ Translation: Step 3: Next tRNA enters and chain of amino acids begins AA2 AA1 5’ Translation: Step 3: Next tRNA enters and chain of amino acids begins AA1 5’ AA2 Translation: Step 3: Next tRNA enters and chain of amino acids begins AA1 5’ AA2 Translation: Step 4: A covalent Bond forms between AA1 and AA2 AA1 5’ AA2 Translation: Step 5: Ribosome shifts, releases tRNA 1, opens up new codon on the mRNA AA3 AA1 AA2 5’ 3 Translation: Step 5: Ribosome shifts, releases tRNA 1, opens up new codon on the mRNA AA1 5’ AA2 AA3 3 Translation: Step 5: Ribosome shifts, releases tRNA 1, opens up new codon on the mRNA AA1 5’ AA2 AA3 3 Translation: Step 5: Ribosome shifts, releases tRNA 1, opens up new codon on the mRNA AA1 5’ AA2 AA3 3 Translation: Step 6: Process continues until open codon is one of the 3 STOPS. AA1 AA2 AA3 5’ STOP 3’ VI. Translation: Step 7: Completed Protein is released. AA3 AA2 AA1 5’ STOP 3’ Transcription Translation (happens in the nucleus) (happens at the ribosome) Translate the mRNA an amino Acid sequence. Useful links - Lew - Port's Biology Place