Download Organic Chemistry I. Organic compounds

WARM UP
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Copy (question and answers) and answer!
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Types of organic compounds
include
A.
B.
C.
D.
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
All of the above
Organic Chemistry
I. Organic compounds
A. Contain carbon atom(s) and usually
come from living things.
1. Exception - CO2 and CO
II. The HONC rule
A. These are the four most common elements.
B. Arrangement of letters in rule tell us the number of bonds
the atom needs in order to be stable:
1. Hydrogen needs to form one chemical bond.
2. Oxygen needs to form two chemical bonds.
3. Nitrogen needs to form three chemical bonds.
4. Carbon needs to form four chemical bonds.
What is the stable formula for methane (CH4)?
Ammonia (NH3)?
Water (H2O)?
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
III. Writing Chemical Formulas
A. Empirical formula - gives the number and
kinds of atoms e.g. ethanol = C2H6O.
B. Structural formula - lines represent chemical
bonds (shared electrons) between atoms.
ethanol
C. Modified structural Formula - is used to save
time. But don’t forget the HONC rule.
CH3CH2OH
IV. Common functional groups
A. Definition: Groups of atoms that give similar
properties to otherwise dissimilar molecules.
B. Hydrocarbons
1. Made of hydrogen and carbon, they form
the backbone of most organic molecules.
2. Have a lot of stored energy.
3. Insoluble (don’t dissolve) in water
Examples:
C. Alcohol (hydroxyl) groups (R-OH)
1. What does the “R” stand for?
2. Soluble in water.
3. Also good fuels.
4. Examples: CH3CH2OH (Ethanol)
• Can you write the structural formula?
D. Organic Acids/Carboxyl Group (R- COOH)
O
R–C
O-H
1.
2.
3.
4.
Like all acids, they are sour.
Many are aromatic (smell).
Water soluble
Examples:
O
CH3–C
O
CH3CH2CH2–C
OH
Acetic Acid
(Vinegar)
OH
Butyric Acid
(Sweat)
O
H-C
OH
Formic Acid
(Piss Ants)
E. Amine Group (R- NH2)
1. Soluble in water
2. Alkaline (i.e. a proton acceptor)
3. Example:
H
N
H
H
ammonia
After lecture cool down
activity… Reflect on your
learning today
• Answer in complete sentences.
3
things/facts/ideas you learned today
2
things/facts/ideas
that surprised you today
1 question, comment, concern, or query
that you have about today’s lecture.
STARTUP
What six elements are found in organic
compounds?

A.
B.
C.
D.
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen,
Phosphorus, Sulfur
Carbon, Phosphorus, Sodium, Nitrogen,
Hydrogen, Sulfur
Nitrogen, Carbon, Sodium, hydrogen, oxygen,
chlorine
Sulfur, Chlorine, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Nitrogen
I. Carbohydrates:
A. Formula is usually multiple of (CH2O)n
B. Functions:
1. Primary energy source (4 Kcals/gram)
2. Roughage or fiber.
3. Cell walls of plant cells (wood/paper).
C. Dietary sources
1. Sweets and starchy foods
D. Kinds of carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides
a) Made of single
sugar units
2. Disaccharides
a) Composed of two sugar units.
b) Formed by dehydration synthesis, which
produces water as a by-product.
3. Polysaccharides
a) Many repeating glucose units
b) Common polysaccharides:
i. Glycogen is major storage form of glucose in
animals.
ii. Starch is the major storage form of glucose in
plants.
iii. Cellulose is the building material found in plants.
iv. Chitin is a component of exoskeletons of
arthropods and the cell walls of fungi.
II. Lipids
A. Functions as…
1.
2.
3.
4.
padding and insulation.
a long-term energy storage (9 Kcal/gram).
building blocks for some hormones.
some vitamins are stored in fats.
B. Dietary sources
1. Meats, nuts, dairy and almost any greasy food.
2. Fat verses fattening! Explain this.
C. Types of Lipids:
1. Fats and Oils (triglycerides)
2. Waxes - Just like fats but longer chains of
fatty acids.
3. Phospholipids: a phosphate (PO4)
molecule replaces a fatty acid chain on a
triglyceride.
a) Primary component of cell membranes.
4. Steroids
D. Formation of a “Fat Molecule”
1. Fatty acids (3) are bonded to a single glycerol molecule.
• What type of molecule is glycerol?
2. What reaction bonds 3 fatty acids to a glycerol together?
E. Types of Fatty Acids
1. Saturated
a) Have no double bonds between the carbons in
backbone.
b) Come from animals
c) Solids at room temperature
d) Clog your arteries
2. Unsaturated fatty acids
a) Have double bonds between the carbons within the
chain.
O
HO–C–(CH2)7CH=CH–CH2CH=CH-(CH2)4–CH3
b) Come from plants
c) Liquids (oils) at room temperature
d) Don’t clog your arteries
F. Steroids
a) Many are made from a cholesterol
backbone.
b) Hormones are made from steroids.
Draw a cholesterol molecule and one
other steroid of the following:
After lecture cool down
activity… Reflect on your
learning today
• Answer in complete sentences.
3
things/facts/ideas you learned today
2
things/facts/ideas
that surprised you today
1 question, comment, concern, or query
that you have about today’s lecture.
STARTUP
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Most macromolecules are
made up of thousands of
smaller molecules called?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Proteins
Polymers
Monomers
Polysaccharides
STARTUP
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Finish (from 2.3) the table
E.g. Carbon
Compound
Protein
Monomer
Polymer
Protein
(polypeptide)
Carbohydrate Monosaccharide
Nucleic Acid
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DNA or RNA
BONUS STAMP: What is
polymerization?
Class Business
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Questions, Comments, Concerns, Queries
New Grades Posted
Quizzes Online, Next quiz Friday
Outline 7-1 and 2 due Wed/Fri
Respectively
Today’s Assignment
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Lesson: What are carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins?
Practice makes
permanent, not perfect!
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Complete the worksheet by the
end of the class.
Copy the question and the
answer
Ask three (your group) before
me (Mr. Hagen.
STARTUP
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Draw the general structure of a
nucleotide and amino acid
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Must include labels
3 parts to each one
Refer to Figure 2-15 and 2-16
Bonus Stamp: Which regions are variable
and which regions are constant?
Class Business
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Questions, Comments, Concerns, Queries
New Grades Posted
Quizzes Online, Next quiz Friday
Outline 7-1 and 2 due Wed/Fri Respectively
Today’s Assignment


Color By Number: 2 Handouts
Notes on Proteins and Enzymes
III. Proteins:
A.
Functions:
1. Proteins form cellular structures (12-18% of body
weight.)
2. Proteins form enzymes, which speed up chemical
rxns (reactions) w/I (within) an organism.
3. Proteins form many toxins (poisons).
4. Proteins form antibodies (abs) and some
hormones.
5. Proteins help transports substances within cells or
body.
B.
Dietary sources
1. Meat, poultry, nuts, fish, etc.
2. Not vegetables (except-beans and peas)
III. Proteins (con’t)
C.
Protein Structure
1. Long chains of amino acids
(monomers) held together by peptide
bonds.
2. Twenty different types of amino acids.
3. The sequence of amino acids
determines the properties of the
protein.
D. All amino acids have:
An amino group (NH2)
2. An acid (carboxyl) group
(COOH)
3. Each of the twenty
different amino acids
have a different side
chain (R) on their central
carbon.
1.
E. Formation of a Peptide Bond
1.
2.
Dipeptides are formed from 2 amino acids joined
(thru dehydration synthesis) by a covalent bond
called a peptide bond
Polypeptides chains formed from 10 to 2000 amino
acids.
F. Enzymes:
Do not write the following italic rhetoric
question, but think about it!
If I put glucose and fructose together how
long will it take to convert it into sucrose?
It would take about 10 years.
If it takes so long, how does the sugar beet
and sugar cane make sucrose within their
short life spans?
1. Effectiveness of Catalysts
a)
Catalysts speed up chemical reactions by
lowering the activation energy.
2. Properties of Enzymes:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Made of protein.
Biological catalysts (speed up reactions).
Are not used up in reactions, therefore
can be used over and over.
Specific for their substrate (reactants).
Sensitive to temperature and pH.
1. Why do you die when the temperature gets
too high within your body?
3. Enzyme Functions
•
Enzymes speed up
reactions by properly
orienting colliding
molecules
•
Need drawing of lock
and key model
After lecture cool down activity…
Reflect on your learning today
• Answer in complete sentences.
3
things/facts/ideas you learned today
2
things/facts/ideas
that surprised you today
1 question, comment, concern, or query
that you have about today’s lecture.
Today’s Assignment
 Answer
pg
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questions:
57 1-10, 13-21
DO NOT COPY THE QUESTION
Answer in a complete sentence
If you finish early you may work on
homework or other assignments.