* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Vocabulary “Inside the Cell”, Chapters 1 and 2
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Polyadenylation wikipedia , lookup
Protein moonlighting wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Gene regulatory network wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Silencer (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Transcriptional regulation wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Protein–protein interaction wikipedia , lookup
Intrinsically disordered proteins wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Protein adsorption wikipedia , lookup
Western blot wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Messenger RNA wikipedia , lookup
Two-hybrid screening wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression wikipedia , lookup
Cell-penetrating peptide wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Vocabulary “Inside the Cell”, Chapters 1 and 2 Actin Amino acid ATP Carbohydrate Cell Channel protein Cholesterol Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Cytosol DNA Electron microscope Endocytosis Endoplasmic reticulum Enzyme Eukaryotic cell Exocytosis Glycosylation Golgi Intermediate filament Lipid Lysosome Membrane Micrometer Microtuble Mitochondrion Nuclear envelope Nuclear pores Nucleus Organ Organelle Prokaryotic cell Protein Ribosome RNA RNAi RNA polymerase Tissue Transcription Translation Vesicle Got Energy? Food gets broken down into glucose by digestion. Inside the cell, mitochondria take in glucose and oxygen to generate ATP. Waste products of ATP production include water and carbon dioxide. Cells are about 50% efficient in making ATP from glucose. (The rest of the energy is released as heat to keep our body warm). ATP releases its energy by a phosphate group breaking off. Average cell has 1 billion molecules ATP, that is used up and replaced every 1 to 2 minutes. Protein Examples Hemoglobin Amylase, pepsin, lactase (digestion) Antibodies Elastin (skin elasticity) Keratin (hair and nails) Making Proteins Transcription Begins in the nucleus, in the DNA RNA polymerase breaks apart the 2 strands of DNA and transcribes it into mRNA (messenger RNA) (single strand). RNA polymerase’s jaws “grip the DNA,” then split the DNA This ½ of the DNA strand is used as a template to make mRNA. Once made, mRNA goes out of the nucleus to ribosomes either in the cytoplasm or on the endoplasmic reticulum where mRNA is used as instructions to make proteins. Translation mRNA serves as a template to make a single type of protein. mRNA can be used over and over again to make proteins Ribosomes move along the mRNA and follow its instructions. The mRNA codes for different amino acids, 3 at a time, as codons. Ribosomes in the cytosol “read” the mRNA and join the amino acids in the proper order. tRNA (transfer RNA) brings the amino acids from the cytsol to the ribosome. Proteins can be made of 1 or more amino acid chains. Proteins Made by Ribosomes on the Endoplasmic Reticulum Here, enzymes add specialized chains of sugar molecules (carbohydrates) to proteins. This process is known as glycosylation. Glycosylated proteins are “sticky.” Glycosylated Protein Examples Fertilized eggs in a woman, to facilitate implantation in the uterus. Immune cells, so that they can attach to a wound. Red blood cells: the attached sugars determine blood type About ½ of all proteins in the body have attached sugars. How Do Proteins Get to Where They Are Needed? Proteins are carried in “protective bubbles” called vesicles. Vesicles are made from a small piece of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that “pinches off” and envelopes the protein These vesicles latch on to the Golgi and then release their proteins inside. Endocytosis Allows nutrients and large molecules to enter the cell. The cell membrane wraps around the nutrient, then “pinches off” and forms a vesicle inside the cell. To fight infection. A bacteria is wrapped in a vesicle (endocytosis), then the vesicle attaches to a lysosome inside the cell, which breaks down the bacteria. Exocytosis Counterbalances endocytosis. Allows cells to dump waste outside the cell. Replaces membrane lost through endocytosis. Channel Proteins Embedded in the cell membrane. Used to transport smaller molecules (e.g. water or glucose) and charged particles (sodium or potassium ions) across the membrane. Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) ions are important for muscle contraction (e.g. heart beating, nerve impulses, digestion, and insulin release. Ubiquitin “you-b-quittin”…not yet! One way cells clear out waste is by attaching a “death tag” to proteins that they no longer need. This tag is known as ubiquitin. Proteosome recognizes ubiquitin and begin digesting the protein.