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Turning On and Off Genes (Gene Regulation) in Eukaryotes Conserves energy that the cell needs for other processes Areas of Gene Regulation: Pre-Transcriptional Control: o More condensed DNA is not transcribed (physical barrier) (Negative control) Transcriptional Control: o Genes for one metabolic pathway not grouped together o Transcription factors (proteins) control gene expression: must bind to promoter to build initiation complex that RNA polymerase binds to. (Negative control) o Operator sequences exist to increase rate of transcription. (Positive control) Post-transcriptional Control: o No 3’ poly-A tail: mRNA can’t leave nucleus (Negative control) o No 5’ cap: cytoplasmic enzymes break down mRNA quickly.(Negative control) o Long 3’ poly-A tail: mRNA will last longer in the cytoplasm & be translated more (Positive control) Translational Control: o Regulatory proteins can bind to mRNA, blocking translation (Negative control) Post-Translational Control: o Regulatory proteins don’t allow polypeptide to take correct shape interfere with transport o Negative control if polypeptide is broken down before it can become a protein.