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Biochemistry Introduction of Macromolecules AP® and Pre-AP® are registered trademarks of the College Board. © Laying the FoundationTM 2007 Biochemistry Biochemistry is the study of chemical reactions in living systems. Biomolecules are organic compounds, meaning they are based on carbon chemistry. Remember that carbon is unique in that it can form 4 covalent bonds; thus it is able to form long, complex chains of atoms. AP® and Pre-AP® are registered trademarks of the College Board. © Laying the FoundationTM 2007 Organic Substances Organic substances, macromolecules, or biomolecules make up all living things. The four groups of substances are carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids Organic Substances Polymers are formed from the linking together of many similar monomers. Monomers are joined through a process known as dehydration synthesis, the removal of water. monomer + monomer polymer + H2O Organic Substances Hydrolysis is the breaking of the bonds between monomers in a polymer by adding water. This process is necessary in digestion so that molecules can be small enough to be absorbed and transported into the cell. polymer + H2O monomer + monomer Organic Substances Structure Carbohydrate Lipids Protein Nucleic Acid Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification 1). Carbohydrates- made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen usually in ratio of 1 : 2 : 1 (Pasta, Bread) The main source of energy for living things. C6H12O6 Carbohydrates are STARCHES. Your body breaks down starches to make sugars that it can use for energy. This sugar is called glucose. Carbohydrate • Carbon ring • C6H12O 6 http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13104 MonosaccharidEs-A single sugar molecule • Carbon ring • C6H12O 6 • Fuel for Respiration Polysaccharides • Carbon ring • C6H12O 6 Polysaccharides • Carbon ring • C6H12O 6 A storage molecule found in animals. Animals store sugars in the form of glycogen in the liver for later use. Chemical Tests Benedict’s reagent is used to test for simple sugars (monosaccharides) like glucose and fructose. When heated, Benedict’s reagent changes color from light blue to red/orange if a simple sugar is present. + + • Carbon ring • C6H12O 6 Iodine solution is used to test for the presence of polysaccharides (starch). If starch is present, a color change from amber to purple/black occurs. Starch No starch Organic Substances Structure Subunit Types Roles Monosaccharides Monosaccharides Quick Energy Carbohydrate Lipids Protein Nucleic Acid Polysaccharides Delayed energy Cell components Examples Identification Glucose Fructose Benedict’s Reagent Cellulose Glycogen Starch Iodine Proteins A central carbon atom Is bonded to: •Amino group •Hydrogen atom •Carboxyl group •R group (varies) Proteins are macromolecules comprised of chains of amino acids. http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304 Proteins– contain Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms. Polymers of amino acids 4). a). Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids (building blocks of proteins) b). Found in meat, eggs, chicken Function of proteins: a). Controls the rate of reactions b.) regulate cell processes c.) form bones and muscles d.) fight diseases e.) transports materials into or out of cells Proteins A central carbon atom Is bonded to: •Amino group •Hydrogen atom •Carboxyl group •R group (varies) R Group Amino Group Carboyxl Group Chemical Tests Biuret reagent is used to test for the presence of protein. When protein is present, biuret reagent changes from light blue to purple. A central carbon atom Is bonded to: •Amino group •Hydrogen atom •Carboxyl group •R group (varies) + - Organic Substances Structure Subunit Types Roles Identification Meats Hormones Muscle Hair Nails Enzymes Blood Cells Carbohydrate Lipids Amino acids Many types Biuret’s Reagent Protein Nucleic Acid Examples catalysts transport movement protection immune growth Lipids Glycerol + Fatty Acid tails • Made mostly of C and H, some O. • Lipids are insoluble in water(they do not dissolve). • Lipids include phospholipids, and fats (AKA triglycerides). http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13204 Lipids– fats, oils, and waxes • Long-term energy storage • Some are chemical messengers (ie. Steroids) Ex.) oils on your skin keep you from soaking up water in the tub. Lipids Glycerol + Fatty Acid tails Glycerol Fatty Acid tails What do these all have in common? A C B E D F Lipids Saturated • Animal fats • Solid at room temp • Lacks double bond in Carbon chain Unsaturated • Plant fats • Remain liquid at room temp. • Has a double bond in Carbon chain LIPIDS LIPIDS Major Food Sources of Trans Fat for American Adults Tests for Lipids Sudan III is a chemical test for the presence of lipids. If lipids are present, this indicator will turn orange-pink. + Brown paper may also be used to test for the presence of lipids. Lipids soak into the paper, causing it to have a translucent appearance. + - Organic Substances Structure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification •Cholesterol •Phospholipids •Fats: Saturated Unsaturated Stored energy Insulation Cell Components Fats Oils Waxes Sudan III Brown paper Carbohydrate Glycerol + Fatty acids Lipids Protein Nucleic Acid NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic acids are the only macromolecules with the unique ability to REPRODUCE themselves and carry the code that directs all of the cell’s activities. NUCLEIC ACIDS The subunits (monomers, building blocks) of nucleic acids are called NUCLEOTIDES. nitrogen base phosphate sugar (Pentose- 5 Carbon) NUCLEIC ACIDS The pentose (5 carbon) sugar in a nucleotide is either ribose (RNA) or deoxyribose (DNA). NUCLEIC ACIDS PHOSPHATE GROUP NUCLEIC ACIDS The NITROGEN BASES fit into 2 families: • 5 membered ring attached to a pyrimadine ring. • 6 membered rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms. • ADENINE (A) & GUANINE (G) • CYTOSINE (C) • THYMINE (T) – DNA • URACIL (U) - RNA NUCLEIC ACIDS ATP adenine ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE An individual nucleotide that functions in energy transfer (acts like a battery) in the cell. triphosphate ribose NUCLEIC ACIDS Polynucleotides: DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid is made up of 2 polynucleotide chains twisted around a central axis. The nitrogen bases that make up DNA are A, G, C, and T. RNA – Ribonucleic Acid is a single stranded chain made up of the nitrogen bases A, G, C, and U. Organic Substances Structure Subunit Types Roles Examples Identification Nucleotides DNA RNA ATP Direct cell processes Protein Synthesis Cellular energy DNA RNA ATP None Carbohydrate Lipids Protein Nucleic Acid CARBOHYDRATES Lipids Protein Nucleic Acid Who wants to be a biochemist? (Practice) • Protein Who wants to be a biochemist? • Carbohydrate Who wants to be a biochemist? • Lipids Who wants to be a biochemist? • Carbohydrates and Lipids Who wants to be a biochemist? • Nucleic Acid Who wants to be a biochemist? • Protein and Lipids Who wants to be a biochemist? • Carbohydrate Who wants to be a biochemist? • Protein and Lipid Who wants to be a biochemist? • Lipids, protein and carbohydrates Who wants to be a biochemist? • Carbohydrate, protein and lipids Who wants to be a biochemist? • Carbohydrate Who wants to be a biochemist? • Protein and Lipids Who wants to be a biochemist? • Protein Who wants to be a biochemist? • Carbohydrates and Lipid