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Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions Regents Biology Chemical reactions of life Processes of life building molecules synthesis + breaking down molecules digestion Regents Biology + Nothing works without enzymes! How important are enzymes? all chemical reactions in living organisms require enzymes to work building molecules synthesis enzymes enzyme + breaking down molecules digestive enzymes We can’t live without enzymes! enzyme + enzymes speed up reactions Organic catalysts lower the activation energy Examples synthesis + enzyme digestion enzyme + What is needed to start a reaction? reactant Products Regents Biology Why is the activation energy lower? reactant Products Regents Biology Enzymes are proteins Each enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction each enzyme needs to be the right shape for the job enzymes are named for the reaction they help Oh, I get it! They end in -ase sucrase breaks down sucrose proteases breakdown proteins lipases breakdown lipids DNA polymerase builds DNA Enzymes aren’t used up Enzymes are not changed by the reaction used only temporarily re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions substrate active site product enzyme It’s shape that matters! Lock & Key model Induced Fit Model shape of protein allows enzyme & substrate to fit specific enzyme for each specific reaction Enzyme vocabulary Enzyme helper protein molecule Substrate molecule that enzymes work on Products what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction Active site part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into What affects enzyme action Correct protein structure correct order of amino acids why? enzyme has to be right shape Temperature why? enzyme has to be right shape pH (acids & bases) why? enzyme has to be right shape Order of amino acids Wrong order = wrong shape = can’t do its job! chain of amino acids DNA folded protein right shape! folded protein chain of amino acids DNA wrong shape! Temperature Effect on rates of enzyme activity Optimum temperature greatest number of collisions between enzyme & substrate human enzymes 35°- 40°C (body temp = 37°C) Raise temperature (boiling) denature protein = unfold = lose shape Lower temperature T° molecules move slower fewer collisions between enzyme & substrate Temperature reaction rate human enzymes 37° temperature What’s happening here?! How do cold-blooded creatures do it? pH Effect on rates of enzyme activity changes in pH changes protein shape most human enzymes = pH 6-8 depends on where in body pepsin (stomach) = pH 3 trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8 pH intestines trypsin What’s happening here?! reaction rate stomach pepsin 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 pH 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Concentration Concentration is how much of something there is in a particular area. Rate is how fast a reaction occurs. Regents Biology Increasing enzyme concentration Regents Biology For enzymes… What matters? SHAPE!