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RNA, DNA, & Proteins Chapter 12 Review Main enzyme involved in linking nucleotides into DNA molecules during replication DNA polymerase Another name for protein synthesis translation Sugar used to make DNA dexoyribose Process of making a DNA copy replication Nitrogen base with 1 ring such as cytosine and thymine pyrimidine Organism whose cells have a nucleus eukaryote Process in which the genetic code of DNA is copied into a strand of RNA transcription Three sequential nucleotides in an mRNA molecule that code for a specific amino acid codon Organism without a nucleus prokaryote Nitrogen base with 2 rings like adenine and guanine Purine Subunit composed of a sugar, nitrogen base, and a phosphate group used to make DNA and RNA nucleotide Principle that hydrogen bonds can only form between certain nitrogen bases Base pairing Coiled DNA and proteins that are spread out in the nucleus of nondividing cells chromatin Group of three nucleotide bases on a t-RNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon anticodon Tightly packed DNA and proteins that are “scrunched up” into rod-shaped bundles in dividing cells chromosomes Process of making proteins from an RNA message Translation (protein synthesis) What is CHARGAFF’S RULE? A = T G = C Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif Type of RNA that carries DNA code from the nucleus out to the cytoplasm Messenger RNA Segment of DNA that codes for a protein gene Region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription promoter Bonds between nitrogen bases that hold the 2 DNA strands together Hydrogen bonds Type of RNA that matches its anticodon and attaches the correct amino acid to the growing protein chain during protein synthesis Transfer RNA Structures found in the cytoplasm made of rRNA and proteins where protein synthesis happens Ribosomes Type of RNA that combines with proteins to make ribosomes Ribosomal RNA Sugar found in RNA molecules ribose Enzyme that binds to DNA, separates the strands, and assembles nucleotide subunits into an RNA molecule RNA polymerase Macromolecule made by joining nucleotide subunits together Nucleic acid (DNA & RNA) Virus that infects bacteria bacteriophage Another name for a protein chain polypeptide Macromolecule made by joining amino acid subunits together protein Tell 2 ways DNA is different from RNA DNA Double stranded Deoxyribose sugar A,T,C,G No Uracil RNA Single stranded Ribose sugar A,U,C,G No thymine Contains genetic code Stays in nucleus Carries code from nucleus to cytoplasm Helps with protein synthesis Making a DNA copy = _____________ replication Using DNA code to transcription make an RNA = ___________________ Using an RNA message translation to make a protein = _______________ DNA → DNA = _____________ replication DNA → RNA = ___________________ transcription translation RNA → protein = _______________ A virus that infects bacteria is called a _______________ BACTERIOPHAGE http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/mbi1440.htm Name this subunit used to build nucleic acids like DNA & RNA Image by: Riedell NUCLEOTIDE If this was going to make RNA what sugar would be used? ribose Which nitrogen base THYMINE could NOT be used? Name this subunit used to build nucleic acids like DNA & RNA Image by: Riedell NUCLEOTIDE If this was going to make DNA what sugar would be used? deoxyribose Which nitrogen base URACIL could NOT be used? Tell what nitrogen base these letters stand for _____________= ADENINE A _____________ GUANINE = G _____________ CYTOSINE = C ______________ THYMINE = T URACIL = U ______________ Which molecules make up the backbone (sides of ladder) in a DNA molecule? Sugar and phosphates Image from: http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/picts/dna.jpg Nitrogen bases with 2 rings are called ______________ A G Purines © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved Nucleosome Chromosome DNA double helix Coils Supercoils Histones DNA that is condensed in the nucleus of dividing cells so it can be transported CHROMOSOMES easily is called _______________ Nitrogen bases with 1 ring are called ______________ C Pyrimidines T © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved Hydrogen _____________ bonds between nitrogen bases hold the two strands together. Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif How is the DNA in PROKARYOTES different from DNA in EUKARYOTES? PROKARYOTES Single chromosome Circular (loop) In cytoplasm (no nucleus) EUKARYOTES Many chromosomes Rod-shaped bundles in Nucleus © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved New strand Original strand DNA polymerase Growth DNA polymerase Growth Replication fork Replication fork New strand Original strand Nitrogenous bases The sites where strand separation and replication forks replication occur are called _____________ Name the 3 kinds of RNA RIBOSOMAL _________________RNA Combines with proteins to form ribosomes TRANSFER _________________RNA Matches m-RNA codon to add correct amino acids during protein synthesis _________________RNA MESSENGER carries code from DNA to ribosomes rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved mRNA image from http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/tmp/labeling/1140654_dyn.gif Use the mRNA codon wheel to determine the amino acid being coded for: proline C C A =___________ arginine C G U = __________ phenylalanine U U C = __________ alanine G C A = __________ STOP U A G = __________ _______________ MUTATIONS are changes in the genetic material. Tell something that can cause mutations. Mistakes in copying DNA Radiation Chemicals in environment KINDS OF MUTATIONS Mutations that produce changes in a single GENE MUTATIONS gene = ______________________ Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes = CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS _____________________ © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved Nucleosome Chromosome DNA double helix Coils Supercoils Histones DNA that is spread out in the nucleus of non-dividing cells so the code can be read CHROMATIN is called _______________ Mutations involving only one or a few point nucleotides are called ________ mutations Explain why frameshift mutations at the beginning of a gene are more harmful than at the end. Frameshifts cause everything after the mutation to shift and be misread so mutations at the beginning change more of the code. Name this kind of mutation Changes one base for another → ATTCGAGCT ATTCTAGCT SUBSTITUTION Tell the kind of mutation shown: deletion http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm Name the 3 kinds of RNA RIBOSOMAL _________________RNA TRANSFER _________________RNA MESSENGER _________________RNA rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved mRNA image from http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/tmp/labeling/1140654_dyn.gif Tell the kind of mutation shown: A T T C G A G C T → A T T C T A G C T SUBSTITUTION http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm Tell the kind of mutation shown: deletion http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm NUCLEUS A= _________ m-RNA B= _________ amino acid ribosome C= _________ t-RNA D= ___________ codon F= _____________ acid G = Amino __________________ Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved Tell the kind of mutation shown: INSERTION Image from: http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm Mutation that causes the reading frame to shift and be misread. FRAMESHIFT MUTATION Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved Tell the kind of mutation shown: Segment flips and reads backwards Image from: http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm INVERSION Tell the kind of mutation shown Segment breaks off and joins a different nonhomologous chromosome TRANSLOCATION Image from: http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm