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Transcript
Cells What are cells? Cells- the building blocks of life -Simplest units that have all the characteristics of life -- like a chemical factory as many chemical reactions occur continually inside them. DONE BY ROBBIE , CLASS 1p2(25) Instruments for studying parts of the cell A light microscope - ability to magnify objects to - 1000x An electron microscope -ability to magnify object Up to 200000x Parts of a cell Cell Membrane - found only in Plant cells. These organelles Nucleus are: Nuclear Membrane Cell Wall Endoplasmic Reticulum Chloroplasts Ribosomes Golgi Bodies Mitochondria Lysosomes Vacuoles – Cytoplasm Some organelles are Cross-section of a Plant Cell Cell membrane -cell membrane or plasma membrane -surrounds the cytoplasm of the cell Partially permeable -allows only some substances to cross it -controls substances entering or leaving the cell. Cytoplasm Part of the protoplasm between the cell membrane and the nucleus. -most cell activities occur in it. -contains enzymes and organelles -organelles carry out various functions in the cell. Nucleus o controls cell activities such as cell growth and the repair of worn-out parts. o Essential for cell division. Cells without a nucleus, for example, the red blood cells of a mammal, have a short lifespan and are unable to divide. Nuclear membrane -Also known as the nuclear envelope -It is a double-layered membrane surrounding the nucleus , separating the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm -it is made up of two layers, each composed of a lipid bilayer. Acts like a shield for the nucleus. Endoplasmic Reticulum -Network of membranes throughout the cytoplasm of the cell -It is called the rough ER when ribosomes are attached and the smooth Er when they are not attached. Ribosomes Ribosomes make proteins that will be used inside the cell. It can be found mostly on the ER(Endoplasmic Reticulum) Ribosomes are also known as the protein builders or the protein synthesizers of the cell. They are like construction guys who connect one amino acid at a time and build long chains. Golgi Bodies - The golgi body or golgi apparatus is shaped like a disc. -it consists of a stack of flattened spaces surrounded by membranes. - the golgi body stores and modifies substances made by the ER( Endoplasmic Reticulum) and packages these substances in vesicles(tiny spherical spaces enclosed by a membrane) for secretion out of the cell. VESICLES Vesicles are small, membrane-bounded spheres that contain various macromolecules. Some vesicles, , are used to transport macromolecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi body, and from the Golgi body to various destinations. Special kinds of vesicles perform other functions as well. Lysosomes are vesicles that contain enzymes involved in cellular digestion. Mitochondria Membrane-enclosed Organelles. Their main function is the conversion of the potential energy of food molecules into ATP an outer membrane that encloses the entire structure • an inner membrane that encloses a fluid-filled matrix • between the two is the intermembrane space • the inner membrane is elaborately folded with shelflike cristae projecting into the matrix. Lysosomes -membrane-bounded organelle, found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, which contains digestive enzymes. It also acts as the “garbage disposal” of the cell by breaking down cell components that are no longer needed. The interior of a lysosome is strongly acidic, and its enzymes are active at an acid pHs Lysosomes are found in all eukaryotic cells, but are most numerous in disease-fighting cells, such as leukocytes(white blood cells). Vacuoles -fluid-filled space enclosed by a membrane. Vacuoles store substances within the cell. Some animal cells have small vacuoles that contain water and food substances, these vacuoles are usually only existing temporarily. Plant cells usually have a large central vacuole which contains the cell sap, which contains dissolved substances such as sugars, mineral salts and amino acids. Chloroplasts -oval structures found only in plant cells - contain a green pigment called chlorophyll -chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis , the process by which plants make food. Cell wall -encloses the entire plant cell, surrounding the cell Surface membrane. -made up of cellulose. Protects the cell from injury and gives the plant cell a fixed shape. It is fully permeable and can only be found in plant cells. References www.biology-online.org http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/nuclear+membrane science.jrank.org/pages/1313/Cell-Golgi-body.html www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/L/lysosome.html Cell - Vesicles http://science.jrank.org/pages/1314/Cell- Vesicles.html#ixzz0mUQ3JWc9