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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I BIOS 2310 Instructor: Sarah Jeffers Additional Information • Syllabus • Typical schedule with resources • Student email • Media Share – find one peer reviewed article/video to share with your classmates. You must also comment on someone’s. • Helpful websites: • http://faculty.mccneb.edu/sajeffers • http://www.quia.com/pages/sjeffers53/bios2310 Unit I: Organization Cells Chapter 3 pp. 87-103 Levels of Biological Organization • A characteristic of all living things is organization. • Thus the name of all living things as organisms. The Organ System Level The Organ Level The Tissue Level The Cellular Level The Chemical (or Molecular) Level Atoms Molecule Organelle Figure 1 Section 2 Levels of Biological Organization Natural tendency is towards entropy. All organisms consist of one or more cells The cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life. Cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals. . All new cells come from the division of pre-existing cells. Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions. Nutrients Division O2 Wastes Cell Growth New cells The cell theory CO2 Cell Structures Peroxisome Lysosome Microvilli Golgi apparatus Major Components: Centrosome Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleus ECF Cytoplasm/ICF Organelles Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Plasma membrane Cytoskeleton Mitochondrion Cell Membrane • defines the boundaries of the cell • controls passage of materials • interaction with other cells • composed of lipids (98%) EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Glycocalyx (extracellular carbohydrates) Integral protein with channel Cholesterol Phospholipid Integral glycoproteins CYTOPLASM Peripheral proteins Cell Membrane • other 2% is of proteins • reception of chemical messages • allows for pores for fluid and electrolyte exchange • adherence of adjacent cells to one another • recognition of one cell by another Cell Membrane Surface extensions: • Microvilli – increase a cell’s surface area, best used for absorption; made of microfilaments; finger-shaped • Cilia – hairlike, nearly every human cell has one nonmotile (sensory); propels fluids or solids across surface • Flagella – whiplike, longer than cilia, sperm cell Nucleus • largest organelle • cells can have 0 – 50 nuclei • double membraned • nuclear envelope with nuclear pores • nucleus contains: chromatin – DNA nucleolus – synthesizes ribosomes • maintains genetic material ORGANELLES Endoplasmic Reticulum • synthesis of secretory products; intracellular storage and transport, synthesis of cell membrane • Rough ER – modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins •Smooth ER – detoxifies alcohol and drugs; synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates Nuclear envelope ORGANELLES Cytoskeleton • collection of protein filaments and cylinders • cellular scaffolding within the cell • Determines shape & support • move substances through the cell ORGANELLES Cytoskeleton Microvilli Cytoskeleton is composed of: Microfilaments • microfilaments – – Actin Secretory vesicle in transport Lysosome – Cell motility Microtubule Intermediate filaments • intermediate filaments – – Keratin – Resist stress • microtubules – Microtubule in the process of assembly Microtubule Undergoing disassembly Nucleus Mitochondrion (a) – Tubulin – Movement (b) 15 m ORGANELLES Mitochondria • “powerhouse cell” • Chemiosmosis • Diffusion of H+ ions across membrane to create ATP •Double membraned • Cristae ORGANELLES Ribosomes • Small granules of protein and rRNA • Typically found as two separate subunits • located in the nucleoli, nuclear envelope, and rough ER • read coded genetic messages • assemble amino acids into proteins – protein synthesis ORGANELLES Golgi Apparatus • site of protein modification • golgi vesicles package protein, some become lysosomes, some store proteins for later use ORGANELLES Vacuoles Lysosomes • produced by the Golgi Apparatus • digestive enzymes • Functions: – autophagy – digestion of worn out organelles – autolysis – “programmed cell death” ORGANELLES Vacuoles Peroxisomes • not produced by the Golgi Apparatus • Function: neutralizes free radicals, detoxifies alcohol & drugs – oxidize organic molecules with molecular oxygen – produce hydrogen peroxide – excess is broken down to water and oxygen by catalase An Analogy Cells can be thought of as factories. • cell membrane – shipping and receiving • nucleus – engineering department • ribosomes – assembly line • Golgi apparatus – puts the finishing touches on • vesicles - packaging Cells Cells are organized into tissues - Group of cells and cell products specialized for a particular function.