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Plant Structures and Functions Cellular Structure • Tell me about a plant cell Cellular Structure • Cell: – Tiny structure – forms building blocks of plants • All organisms are made of one or more cells Cellular Structure • Protoplasm in cells carries out life processes • A plant is a multi-cellular organism – More than one cell Cellular Structure • Cell specialization – Some cells have specific jobs • Examples of specialized cells are cells in the: – Flower – Stem – Root Cellular Structure • Specialized cells are formed into groups – These groups are called plant tissue • Tissues that work together are formed into organs – The organ has a specific function Cellular Structure • Organs that work together are formed into organ systems – The organ system has a specific function • From smallest to largest: Specialized cell – tissue – organ – organ system - plant Cellular Structure Cellular Structure • Three major parts in a plant cell Cellular Structure • Cell Wall – Surrounds the cell – Controls movement of materials in and out (bouncer) Cellular Structure • Nucleus – Contains protoplasm, chromosomes, and other structures that control cell activity Cellular Structure • Cytoplasm – Thick solution in the cell surrounding the nucleus – Houses all other organelles Cellular Structure • Cytoplasm – Other organelles include: – Mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, lysosomes, vacuoles, and others Major Plant Parts Vegetative Parts: Roots Stems Leaves Reproductive Parts: Flowers Root Functions • Absorb Water and Nutrients • Anchor plants and support the above-ground part of the plant • Store food to be used later Root Functions • Need to grow constantly for plant to stay healthy • First structure to form seed • Plant health is closely tied to root health Root Structure • Primary Root – First root to grow from the seed • Secondary Roots – Grow from primary root Root Systems • Fibrous Root – System that has no dominant primary root • Taproot – A system composed of one primary root and many secondary roots that branch off Root Nodules • Swellings (bumps) on the roots • Rhizobium bacteria live in these bumps – they take nitrogen from the air and combine it with oxygen to make it useable to the plant – puts nitrogen in the soil so that crops that grow there later may use the nitrogen Legumes • Legumes are the group of plants with nodules • Soybeans, clover, alfalfa, beans, peas Root Health • Healthy Roots: Roots are white or nearly white, and smell fresh. • Unhealthy Roots: Roots are black, brown, or dark orange and smell rotten and sour. Root Health • Watering properly drastically affects the plant’s health – Drainage holes in the pot – Soaked with water until it drains out the bottom encourages plant growth throughout the entire pot – Allow soil to dry slightly between watering