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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Cells and Tissues 3 PART A Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview Made of 5 Main Elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen And Phosphorus Living cells are about 60% Water Cells are constantly bathed in a saltwater-like solution called INTERSTITIAL FLUID. All exchanges between CELLS and BLOOD are made through this fluid Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells Vary in Anatomy STRUCTURE defines FUNCTION What organelles are present? How big/small is the cell? What is the SHAPE of the cell? Where in the body is the cell located? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells Vary in Physiology Ability to move throughout the blood/body? What products are made by the cell? Do these products impact other cells? Is it able to communicate with other cells? Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Cell Cells are not all the same All cells share general structures All cells have three main regions Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Figure 3.1a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus Control center of the cell Contains genetic material (DNA) Three regions Nuclear envelope (membrane) Nucleolus Chromatin Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus Figure 3.1b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus Nuclear envelope (membrane) FUNCTION: Control what enters/exits the nucleus. CHARACTERISTICS: Consists of a double phospholipid membrane Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus Nucleoli FUNCTION: Sites of ribosome assembly CHARACTERISTICS: Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli Dark-staining round body(s) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus Chromatin FUNCTION: DNA carries instructions for cell structure and function through the production of proteins. CHARACTERISTICS: When cell is not dividing DNA is present as chromatin (spaghetti on a plate) When the cell is dividing (mitosis) DNA condenses to form chromosomes (“X”) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Barrier for cell contents Double phospholipid layer Contains Hydrophilic heads Hydrophobic tails Also contains Proteins that act as channels Cholesterol that makes cell membrane more rigid Glycoproteins provides cell surface identity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane PLAY Membrane Structure Figure 3.2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Specializations Microvilli Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption Membrane junctions Tight junctions Impermeable junctions Bind cells together into leak-proof sheets Desmosomes Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart Gap junctions Allow communication between cells Plasma Membrane Specializations PLAY Tight Junctions PLAY Desmosomes (Anchoring Junctions) Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is the material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane Contains three major elements Cytosol Jelly-like fluid that suspends other elements Organelles Metabolic machinery of the cell “Little organs” that perform functions for the cell Inclusions Chemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products Cytoplasmic Organelles Figure 3.4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ORGANELLE Mitochondria Contains own circular piece of DNA GENERAL FUNCTION Produce ATP (energy) from glucose Ribosomes Free in cytoplasm and attached on ER Assemble proteins Endoplasmic reticulum 2 forms, smooth and rough Smooth - transport Rough – transports proteins Golgi Apparatus Packages mainly lipids for transport Lysosomes Double membrane structure for protection Contains digestive enzymes Peroxisomes Specialized lysosomes Contains catalase to breakdown hydrogen peroxide Cytoskeleton Cell support, structure, and framework Centrioles Creates spindle fibers during mitosis for separation of chromosomes. Specialized Structures Cilia – moves substances over surface of cell (respiratory cells) Flagella – moves the cell itself (sperm) Cell Diversity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity PLAY Tour of the Cell Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings