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Organ System Overview • Integumentary = Skin • external covering, Synth. Vit. D • Skeletal = bones, jnts, cartilage • Blood cell formation, mineral storage, protects/supports, muscle attach Figure 1.2a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.4 Organ System Overview • Muscular: movemnt, posture, heat • Nervous: Brain, spinal cord,Nerves(neurons) • Fast acting control system • Endocrine: Secretes hormones • Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands Figure 1.2c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.6 • Cardiovascular: Heart, blood vessels. • -Transports materials via blood: nutrients O2, CO2 • Lymphatic: Lymph nodes/vessels; Immunity • Respiratory: Lungs, trachea; provide O2, remove CO2 • Digestive: esophagus, intestines, mouth. Break down food. • Urinary: kidney, ureters, bladder. Eliminate wastes • Reproduction: Sex organs. Making babies. Homeostasis • Maintaining relatively stable internal conditions • Homeostatic imbalance = disturbance in homeostasis results in disease/illness Negative feedback • Acts to Decrease original stimulus • Blood sugar high…body release insulin, insulin causes cells to up-take sugar(decrease blood sugar) • Cold….Body responds by shivering to produce heat….Heat generated decrease cold feeling • Thirsty…body/brain respond by drinking water (decreases thirst) Positive feedback • Increase original stimulus • Birth- contractions put pressure on cervix, pressure sends signals to brain to release oxtocin, oxytocin increases strength of contractions…increases pressure, more oxytocin released…. • Monkey drug trials- takes drug, gets “high”…feeling makes monkey take more drug…gets “higher”…take more drug…. Body Landmarks • Anterior Figure 1.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.24 Body Landmarks • Posterior Figure 1.5b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.25 • Anterior/posterior = front/back • Proximal/distal = closer to pnt of appendage’s attachment to trunk/farther • Inferior/superior = below/above • Deep/superficial = innermost/toward surface Body Planes Figure 1.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.26 Body Cavities Figure 1.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.27 Abdominopelvic Quadrants Figure 1.8a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.28 Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1.8b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.29 Abdominopelvic Major Organs Figure 1.8c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.30 Cell organelles • Mitochondria = “powerhouse of cell”, make energy(ATP) • Endoplasmic reticulum – “highway of cell”, transports materials throughout cell. Rough=ribosomes attached Smooth=no ribosomes Ribosomes – make proteins • Golgi body – “FedEx of cell”, modifies & packages proteins for delivery Cell organelles • Nucleus – Control center of cell, contains DNA • Nucleolus = inside nucleus, Makes ribosomes • Lysosomes – vesicles that contain digestive enzymes • Cytosol – gel-like fluid in cytoplasm • tRNA – ribosomes helper, brings Amino Acids to ribosome for bldg. of protein. • mRNA – carries “Message” of DNA (inside nucleus) to ribosomes (in cytoplasm) Cell organelles • Microvilli – Finger-like projections on cell surface to increase area for absorption(ex. Cells lining digestive tract) • Cillia – short Hair- like projections that move substances across the cell (Ex. On cells lining digestive tract) • Flagellum – whip-like structure used to propel cell (ex. Sperm cells) Plasma membrane Hydro_Phillic Hydro__phobic Stabilizes/stiffens plasma membrane Mitosis • P rophase – centrioles move to Poles • M etaphase – chromosomes lineup in Middle • A naphase – Chromosomes pull Apart • T elophase – Two cells form/cleavage furrow Cell Transport • Passive = no energy • Diffusion – movement of mlcles from high to low • Osmosis – “Diffusion” of Water! • Active = energy needed • Occurs if particles too big to diffuse through plasma membrane • Or needed to go against concentration gradient • Endocytosis – cell engulfs particle (Take IN) • Exocytosis – cell exports particle Tissue • Stratified squamous = areas of high abrasion; mouth/throat, skin • Simple Squamous= single, flattened cell layer; good for diffusion: lining lungs/capillaries Muscle Characteristics • Skeletal = Voluntary, striated, found in skeletal muscles • Smooth = Involuntary, spindle-shaped, in walls of Blood vessels. • Cardiac = Involuntary, striated, has intercalated discs (gaps btwn cells that increase signal transmission). Found in Heart tissue. Functions of Bones Support of the body Protection of soft organs Movement due to attached skeletal muscles Storage of minerals and fats Blood cell formation Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.2 Classification of Bones 1. Long – longer than wide, shaft w/heads at both ends. 2. Short – generally cube-shaped & mostly spongy bone(carpals of wrist/tarsals of ankle) 3. Flat – thin, flat and usually curved (skull, ribs sternum) 4. Irregular – doesn’t fit in other categories. (Vertebrae) Red marrow: in adults spongy ends of long bones (site of red blood cell formation) Yellow marrow- mostly fat Epiphyseal plate=actively dividing cartilage in child, site of bone growth Osteoclast= Bone destroying cells OsteoBlasts= Bone Building cells Stages of Bone fracture repair Axial skeleton = skull, vertebral column, bony thorax Appendicular Skeleton = Bones of Appendages Cervical = 7 Thoracic = 12 Lumbar = 5 #17,18 Axial skeleton = skull, vertebrae, bony thorax • Gender Differences of the Pelvis 1. Flared Illium in females 2. Pubic Arch WIDER in Females! 3. Pelvic opening larger (& rounder) in Females! Figure 5.23c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.39 Bones of shoulder/hip girdle Joints/movements • • • • • Hinge = elbow Ball & socket = hip/shoulder Gliding(Planes) = Knee/carpals Pivot = atlas/axis of cervical vertebrae Saddle = thumb(only ex. In human body) • Abduction = take body part AWAY from midline • Adduction = “ADD” back into midline • Supination= palm up • Pronation = palm down • Flexion=decrease angle btwn 2 bones • Extension=increases ……… • • • • • Circumduction= move part in circle Inversion = sole of foot inwards Eversion = sole of foot outwards Dorsiflexion = toes toward shin PlantarFlexion = toes pointed