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Transcript
Unit 4 Skeleton Notes Coach Riordan BIO 1A Unit 4 Skeleton Notes I. Life is Cellular A. Discovery of the Cell 1. 2. __________________________________-1665used early compound light microscope to look at thin slice of cork. Cork seemed to be made of thousands of small chambers which __________ named cells. __________________________________-1647used single lens scope to observe single celled organisms living in pond water. Unit 4 Skeleton Notes 3._________________________-1838- concludes that all plants are made up of cells. 4._________________________-1839- concludes that all animals are made up of cells. 5._________________________-1855- proposes that all cells come from existing cells. Unit 4 Skeleton Notes 6.___________________________: a. All living things are composed of cells. b. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. c. New cells are produced from existing cells. Unit 4 Skeleton Notes B. Exploring the Cell 1. With the invention of the _________________________, modern biologists can observe details of cells more than 1000 times more closely than with the light microscope. Unit 4 Skeleton Notes C. Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes 1. All cells fall into two categories depending on whether they contain a _________________. a. b. ____________________________cells have DNA that is _____________ contained in a nucleus. They are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells. ____________________________cells contain a nucleus that is separate from the rest of the cell and contains DNA. Eukaryotes are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotes because they contain dozens internal structures and may be highly specialized. Some are unicellular and live solitary lives while others form large multicellular organsims. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Unit 4 Skeleton Notes II. Eukaryotic Cell Structure A. In some ways, the eukaryotic cell is like a factory. It is made up of a conglomeration of working parts called ____________________. Each of these organelles are highly specialized and have a very specific job. Unit 4 Skeleton Notes 1. Because of its complexity, cell biologists divide the eukaryotic cell into two major parts: The nucleus and the _____________. The nucleus and cytoplasm work together to keep each cell alive. Unit 4 Skeleton Notes B. 9 Major Organelles 1. Nucleus a. b. c. The nucleus is surrounded by a ___________________________ which is dotted with thousands of nuclear pores to allow materials into and out of the nucleus. Inside the nucleus, DNA is found as “loose” _____________________ or tightly packed _________________________. Most nuclei also have a dense region known as the ________________________ where the cell’s ________________________ are formed. Cell Nucleus Unit 4 Skeleton Notes 2. Ribosomes a. ________________________ are assembled at ribosomes. The produce proteins by following coded instructions that come from the nucleus. Unit 4 Skeleton Notes 3. Endoplasmic Reticulum a. The ER is where lipids and some proteins are assembled that will later be exported. b. ER can be divided into two types: i. ___________________________-outer surface is covered in ribosomes giving it a rough appearance. ii. ___________________________-outer surface is free of ribosomes and appears smooth. Unit 4 Skeleton Notes 4. Golgi Apparatus a. Modifies, sorts, and packages materials from ER for storage in cell or secretion outside the cell. Unit 4 Skeleton Notes 5. Lysosomes a. Small organelles filled with enzymes. Some break down lipids, carbs, and proteins into smaller molecules for use the cell. b. Some lysosomes dispose of other cell parts that are no longer needed by the cell. Unit 4 Skeleton Notes 6. Vacuoles a. Saclike structures that store materials for the cell. Unit 4 Skeleton Notes 7. Mitochondria a. The organelle for converting chemical energy in food into _______________ which is the only form of energy that can be used by the cell. Unit 4 Skeleton Notes 8. Chloroplasts a. Found in all plant cells and some prokaryotes, this organelle harvests light energy and converts it into chemical energy through photosynthesis. Unit 4 Skeleton Notes 9. Cytoskeleton a. A network of protein filaments that helps the cell maintain its shape. It is made of two parts: i. ii. ____________________________-threadlike structures made of protein called actin. ____________________________-hollow structures made of proteins known as tubulin. _____________________ are another organelle type and are part of cytoskeleton that aid in cell division. Unit 4 Skeleton Notes III. Cell Boundaries & Cell Functions A. The ___________________________ regulates what enters and leaves the cell and provides protection and support. 1. 2. All cell membranes are composed of a double layered sheet called a _____________________________. In addition to lipids, many different _____________________ are embedded in the lipid bilayer. There are so many kinds of molecules in cell membranes that scientists describe it as a “fluid mosaic model.” Unit 4 Skeleton Notes B. Many organisms such as plants contain another layer outside the cell membrane. This is called a ______________________ and most are made of a very tough carbohydrate fiber called cellulose. Unit 4 Skeleton Notes C. Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries 1. ________________________is the tendency of particles to move from high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is met. Substances may enter or leave a cell by diffusion so that they may reach equilibrium. Diffusion is the natural movement of particles and does not cost the cell energy. 2. Some substances can easily diffuse across membranes while others cannot due to size or charge. This makes the membrane _________________________ because some things can pass and some cannot. _________________ passes very easily across most membranes. Unit 4 Skeleton Notes D. _____________________ is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Water will move into or out of a cell depending on concentrations of impermeable substances on either side of cell membrane. The water will move across the membrane of a cell until concentrations on both sides have reached equilibrium. This results in 3 types of solutions: – ___________________________-solution concentrations on both sides of membranes are _________________. – __________________________-solution concentration is high and will require water. – __________________________-solution concentration is low. Unit 4 Skeleton Notes *******Most cells are hypertonic to fresh water because they contain salts, sugars, and proteins in large concentrations compared to fresh water. If a cell is not kept in a proper environment, it could get sucked dry (hypotonic) or fill up beyond its capacity and burst (hypertonic). Organisms have to have a way to balance osmotic pressure. Unit 4 Skeleton Notes E. _________________________ is a process where cells use protein channels in cell membranes to allow certain molecules to cross. These protein channels stay open and are specific to only certain molecules. This does not require use of the cell’s energy. Unit 4 Skeleton Notes F. __________________________ is a process cells use then they must move substances against concentration gradients of transport larger molecules and/or solid materials. These processes require energy. Unit 4 Skeleton Notes 1. Active molecular transport occurs when membrane proteins act as pumps, opening and closing as they move small substances such as calcium, potassium, and sodium. 2. _________________________ is the process of taking in and letting out of large molecules that are too big to cross the membrane. ______________________- “cell eating” or taking in solid materials. b. ______________________- “cell drinking” or taking in liquid materials. a. Unit 4 Skeleton Notes IV. Diversity of Cellular Life A. Unicellular organisms do everything required for them to be considered living. However, they are made of only one cell. Multicellular organisms require cells to develop in different ways. This is called _________________________ and it allows cells with same DNA to develop into different types and perform different tasks. Levels of Organization B. C. 1. 2. 3. Cells Tissues Organs