Download September 21 AP Biology - John D. O`Bryant School of Math & Science

AP Biology
John D. O’Bryant School of
Mathematics and Science
September 21, 2012
AP Biology
Agenda
 Do Now (Quiz)
 Gifted, Young and Neglected
 Cells and Organelles



AP Biology
Lecture/Discussion
Video clip: Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Membrane
Video clip: Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Do Now (Quiz)
 1. Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for
why unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more
fluid at lower temperatures?

A) The double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails,
forcing adjacent lipids to be further apart.
B) Unsaturated fatty acids have a higher cholesterol
content and therefore more cholesterol in membranes.
C) Unsaturated fatty acids permit more water in the interior
of the membrane.
D) The double bonds block interaction among the
hydrophilic head groups of the lipids.
E) The double bonds result in shorter fatty acid tails and
thinner membranes.
AP Biology
Do Now (Quiz)
 2. Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits
for certain types of cells?

A) the evolution of larger cells after the evolution of smaller
cells
B) the difference in plasma membranes between
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
C) the evolution of eukaryotes after the evolution of
prokaryotes
D) the need for a surface area of sufficient area to allow the
cell's function
E) the observation that longer cells usually have greater cell
volume
AP Biology
Do Now (Quiz)
 3. A mycoplasma is an organism with a diameter
between 0.1 and 1.0 µm. What does its size tell you
about how it might be classified?

A) It must be a single celled protist.
B) It must be a single celled fungus.
C) It could be almost any typical bacterium.
D) It could be a typical virus.
E) It could be a very small bacterium.
AP Biology
Do Now (Quiz)
 4. In animal cells, hydrolytic enzymes are
packaged to prevent general destruction of
cellular components. Which of the following
organelles functions in this
compartmentalization?

A) chloroplast
B) lysosome
C) central vacuole
D) peroxisome
E) glyoxysome
AP Biology
Do Now (Quiz)
 5. Which of the following is a compartment that
often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?

A) lysosome
B) vacuole
C) mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
E) peroxisome
AP Biology
Do Now (Quiz)
 6. Which is one of the main energy transformers
of cells?

A) lysosome
B) vacuole
C) mitochondrion
D) Golgi apparatus
E) peroxisome
AP Biology
Do Now (Quiz)
 7. Grana, thylakoids, and stroma are all
components found in

A) vacuoles.
B) chloroplasts.
C) mitochondria.
D) lysosomes.
E) nuclei.
AP Biology
Cells & Cell Organelles
Doing Life’s Work
AP Biology
2009-
Food & water storage
food vacuole
plant cells
central vacuole
animal cells
AP Biology
contractile
vacuole
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
AP Biology signals
 Function
Lysosomes

digest food
 used to make energy

clean up & recycle
 digest broken
organelles
 Structure

lysosomes
small food
particle
vacuole
digesting food
AP Biology
membrane sac of
digestive enzymes
digesting broken
organelles
A Job for Lysosomes
6 weeks
15 weeks
AP Biology
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
AP Biology signals
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
Mitochondria
 Function

make ATP energy from cellular respiration
 sugar + O2  ATP
 fuels the work of life
 Structure

double membrane
in both animal &
plant cells
AP Biology
ATP
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
AP Biology signals
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
Plants make energy two ways!
 Mitochondria

ATP
make energy from sugar + O2
 cellular respiration
 sugar + O2  ATP
 Chloroplasts

make energy + sugar from sunlight
 photosynthesis
 sunlight + CO2  ATP & sugar
 ATP = active energy
 sugar = stored energy

AP Biology
build leaves & roots & fruit
out of the sugars
sugar
ATP
Mitochondria are in both cells!!
animal cells
plant cells
mitochondria
AP Biology
chloroplast
cytoplasm
jelly-like material
around organelles
central vacuole
storage: food,
water or waste
cell wall
support
mitochondria
make ATP in
cellular respiration
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
AP Biology
chloroplast
make ATP & sugars in
photosynthesis
lysosome
digestion & clean up
2. Cells need workers = proteins!
 Making proteins

to run daily life & growth, the cell must…
 read genes (DNA)
 build proteins
 structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws)
 enzymes (speed up chemical reactions)
 signals (hormones) & receptors

organelles that do this work…




AP Biology
nucleus
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
Proteins do all the work!
one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,
because…
proteins do all the work!
structural
enzymes
signals
receptors
DNA
AP Biology
proteins
cells
Nucleus
 Function
control center of cell
 protects DNA

 instructions for building proteins
 Structure
nuclear membrane
 nucleolus

 ribosome factory

chromosomes
 DNA
AP Biology
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
nucleolus
produces
ribosomes
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
chromosomes
DNA
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
AP Biology signals
Ribosomes
 Function


protein factories
read instructions to build proteins from DNA
 Structure


some free in cytoplasm
some attached to ER
Ribosomes on ER
AP Biology
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
AP Biology signals
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
nucleolus
produces
ribosomes
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
ribosomes
build proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Function

works on proteins
 helps complete the
proteins after ribosome
builds them

makes membranes
 Structure

rough ER
 ribosomes attached
 works on proteins

smooth ER
 makes membranes
AP Biology
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
ribosomes
builds proteins
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
AP Biology signals
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
ER
works on proteins
makes membranes
Golgi Apparatus
 Function

finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins
 like UPS headquarters
 shipping & receiving department

ships proteins in vesicles
 “UPS trucks”
 Structure

AP Biology
vesicles
carrying proteins
membrane sacs
transport vesicles
cytoplasm
jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
transport inside cells
storage
lysosome
food digestion
garbage disposal &
recycling
ribosomes
builds proteins
mitochondria
make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
cell boundary
controls movement
of materials in & out
recognizes
signals
AP Biology
nucleus
protects DNA
controls cell
ER
helps finish proteins
makes membranes
Golgi apparatus
finishes, packages
& ships proteins
endoplasmic
reticulum
nucleus
protein
on its way!
DNA
RNA
vesicle
TO:
TO:
TO:
vesicle
ribosomes
TO:
finished
protein
protein
Golgi
apparatus
Making Proteins
AP Biology
End 9/21
AP Biology