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Transcript
Unit 2: Cells & Microscope Cell Objectives: 1. Know the Organization of life. 2. Know who first saw cells. 3. Know The Cell Theory. 4. Know the differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. 5. Know the 12 organelles in Eukaryotic cells. 6. Know the differences between plant and animal cells. Cells All living things are composed of ________. A cell is a _______________________ structure that contains all of the materials necessary for life. An organism is _____________________________________. Organisms can be ____________or __________. Unicellular: Made up of only ______cell. They usually need to be seen using a ______________. Multi-cellular: Made up of _________________cell. They have groups of cells that work together. Discovery of Cells Cells were discovered in 1665 by _______________________. He was looking at cork from the bark of a tree using a microscope. ____________________________saw the first living cells in 1673. He observed pond scum, blood and was the first person to see bacteria. The Cell Theory Scientists later discovered a lot more about cells using more powerful microscopes. They developed The Cell Theory. The Cell Theory States: o ______________________________________ o ______________________________________ o _____________________________________ Theodor Schwann developed the theory in 1839. Organization of Life For Multi-cellular organisms: ________ Make up __________ Make up __________ Make up ___________________ Make up __________ Types of Cells Prokaryotic: Cells that do _______have a nucleus Do ______have membrane bound organelles ______________ DNA Ex: ______________ Eukaryotic: Cells that ____ have a nucleus Do have ___________________organelles __________ DNA All other organisms Cell Parts (Organelles) Eukaryotic Cells: • cytoplasm • endoplasmic reticulum • cell membrane • mitochondria • cell wall • chloroplast • nucleus • Golgi complex • nucleolus • vacuole • ribosomes • lysosomes Types of Eukaryotic Cells Animal: Plant: Function of cell parts 1. Cytoplasm Jelly-like ___________ inside cell ________________are found floating here Function of cell parts 2. Cell Membrane ____________ the cell Keeps ______________ inside Allows ______________ in and out of the cell Function of cell parts 3. Cell Wall Provides ____________ and ___________ to cell membrane Found only in __________ cells Gives plant cells their _____________ shape Cell wall Cell membrane Function of cell parts 4. Nucleus __________________ of the cell = “brain” Where ______ is found 5. Nucleolus Stores materials to make ______________ Found inside nucleus Function of cell parts 6. Ribosomes Site of protein _____________ Amino acids are joined together to make proteins. Are found in cytoplasm or attached to ______________ but most abundant organelle __________________________ Function of cell parts 7. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Internal _____________ system Makes lipids and other materials for inside and outside the cell. Breaks down drugs and other harmful chemicals. May be covered with _______________ (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum) Found near ______________ Function of cell parts 8. Mitochondria _______________ of the cell _________ for the cell is made here from nutrients Surrounded by ______ membranes Function of cell parts 9. Chloroplast Absorbs ______________ to help plants make nutrients for energy Contains chlorophyll (green pigment) Found only in ________ cells Function of cell parts 10. Golgi Complex Materials are packaged in ____________ for shipment outside of the cell. Located near the ____________________ Function of cell parts 11. Vacuole Stores _________ and other liquids Large vacuoles found in ___________ Contractile Vacuole: _______________ excess water out of the cell Function of cell parts 12. Lysosomes Digest (______________) materials found in vesicles with enzymes (_________________). Get rid of _____________ ____________the cell against invaders Found in _______________cells cell wall cell membrane lysosome Animal Cell chloroplast Plant Cell cytoplasm nucleolus nucleus DNA ER mitochondria Golgi Complex ribosome vacuole Comparing Plant & Animal Cells Animal Both Plant Microscope Objectives: 1. Know the parts of the microscope. 2. Know the functions of microscope parts. 3. Know how to determine orientation of an object microscope. under the 4. Know how to determine magnification, field of view object. and size of an 5. Know proper technique to use microscope. Microscope parts Use this diagram to label your microscope picture Microscope Functions Eyepiece: Arm: Body tube: The part you look through. Where you place your eye. Attaches eyepiece to the base. Supports the eyepiece Coarse adjustment knob: This moves the stage up and down to get object into initial focus. NEVER use under high power. Fine adjustment knob: Used to make small adjustments to the focus. Microscope Functions Nosepiece: Rotating piece that changes objectives (low & high) Objectives: Lens that magnify the object Stage: The place where the specimen is placed. Stage clips: Holds the specimen slide in place. Diaphragm: Allows different amounts of light through the slide. Light source: Reflects light onto the stage to observe specimen Base: Supports the entire microscope Determining total magnification Multiply the magnification of the eyepiece by the magnification of the objective. Eyepiece = 10x Objective = 4x Total magnification = 10 x 4 = 40x Eyepiece = 10x Objective = 40x Total magnification = 10 x 40 = 400x Object Orientation cover slip e slide As you look through the eyepiece the image you see is upside down and backwards from the specimen on the slide. If you move the slide to the left the object moves to the right in the eyepiece. If you move the slide to the right the object moves to the left in the eyepiece. Field of View Each mark = 1 mm or 1000 μm 100x Determine the field of view by counting marks under low power. Field of view = 3mm or 3000 μm Determining object size Using the determined field of view: 1. Count the number of cells in a row. 100x 1. 6 cells 2. Divide the number of cells into the field of view in μm. 2. 3000 μm / 6 cells = 500 μm (size of one cell)