Download The Parts of the Cell

Warm up
• List two things that you know about a cell.
• List three parts that all cells have in common.
• Use your notes from Tuesday & Wednesday
4-1 NOTES: HISTORY
OF CELL BIOLOGY
Cells
•Smallest unit that can perform life
processes
•Random Facts
• Average human is composed of 100 trillion cells
• It would take 50 cells to cover the dot of an “i” on
your paper
Who discovered cells?
1. Hook, 1665
•Discovered cells while
looking at cork (plant
cells)
•Described them as tiny
boxes or rooms
•“cell” means little
rooms in Latin
•Thought cells only
existed in plants and
fungi
2. Leuwenhoek, 1673
•Observed pond scum
& found single-celled
organisms
•One of the first to
look at living cells
•He called them
“animalcules”
150-200 Year Gap???
• Between the Hooke/Leuwenhoek discoveries
and the mid 19th century, very little cell
advancements were made.
• This is probably due to the widely accepted,
traditional belief in Spontaneous Generation.
• Examples:
-Mice from dirty clothes/corn husks
-Maggots from rotting meat
19th Century Advancement
• Much doubt existed around Spontaneous Generation
• Conclusively disproved by Louis Pasteur
3. Schleiden, 1838
•German botanist
•Stated that all plants
are made up of cells
4. Schwann, 1839
•German Physiologist
•Stated that all
animals are made up
of cells
5. Virchow, 1858
–German Physician
–Studied cellular
pathology
–Concluded that
cells must come
from existing cells
Cell Theory
1. All living things are made up of
one or more cells
(Schleiden & Schwann 1838-39)
Cell Theory
2. Cells are the basic units of structure
and function in living things.
(Schleiden & Schwann 1838-39)
Cell Theory
3. All cells are produced by the division of
existing cells.
Virchow (1858)
Cell Types and Common Parts
Warm up
A.
1.
2.
3.
B.
1.
2.
3.
What are the three parts to cell theory?
.
.
.
Did the following Scientist look at living or
dead cells? Animal or Plant Cells?
Hooke
Leuwenhoek
Schleiden
• Griffin Virtual Lab with Mr. Lee
• Live Linkhttps://losal.adobeconnect.com/lee, Saturday October 17,
1pm-2pm
• Recording: https://goo.gl/nYfL5A
• Join Mr. Lee's Griffin Virtual Lab Remind by texting the phrase
@biogvl to the number 81010
•
• Griffin Lab in the Media Center
• Mrs. Gur will be in the Media center Thursdays 2:30-4pm
What differences do you notice?
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Type
of
Cells
Type of Cells
•Prokaryotic:
lack membrane-bound
organelles
• Unicellular
• Simple
• Capsule, cell wall, cell membrane
• Nucleoid (DNA)
• Cytoplasm
• Ribosomes
• Cilia, flagella
• Oldest living cells
• Ex: bacteria
Prokaryotic
Type
of
Cells
Type of Cells
• Eukaryotic: contain a membrane-bound nucleus
and organelles
• Unicellular and multicellular
• More complex
a. Ex: Plant and animal cells
All Cells have the following in
Common
1. Plasma Membrane
•Acts as a barrier to
the outside world
•Semi-permeable:
Allows only certain
materials to leave and
enter
All Cells have the following in Common
2. Cytoplasm
•Gel like substance
•Fills space between nucleus and
organelles
•Most reactions happen here
3. DNA
•Control Center
•Regulates cells function
4. Ribosomes
•Used in DNA Synthesis
Warm up
• List the function and location, in the cell, of the following
organelles. Denote whether the organelle is found in Plant Cells,
Animal Cells, Prokaryotes or All Cells,
Mitochondria
• Chloroplast
• Ribosome
• Cell Membrane
•
QUIZ THURSDAY! (10/22) EXAM THURSDAY (10/29)
Organelles
•
Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
•
•
•
•
Made of phospholipids
The phospholipids form a bilayer creating a nonpolar
center and a polar out and inner surface
Controls what gets in and what gets out of the cell
Proteins in the Cell Membrane
•
•
•
•
Integral proteins – proteins inside the membrane,
either on one side, inside, or all the way through.
Peripheral proteins – proteins found on just one side
of the membrane
The proteins receive messages, send signals across
the membrane, help with transport, etc
Organelles, Cont.
•
Nucleus
•
•
•
•
Protects the cell’s genetic information
Chromatin: the form of DNA that is actively
used when a cell is not dividing
Chromosome: the condensed form of DNA
where it is wrapped up tightly with proteins
during cell division
Ribosomes
•
•
Organelles made of protein and RNA that
direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
Found in the Cytoplasm, Nucleus and on the
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Organelles, Cont.
•
Endoplasmic Reticulum
•
•
•
•
System of membrane tubes and sacs that
transport materials around the cell and help
synthesize some substances.
Rough ER: covered in ribosomes, and produces
phospholipids and proteins
Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes, and produces lipids like
cholesterol and steroids
Golgi Apparatus
•
Flattened membrane sacs that receive vesicles
from the ER and retag the vesicles for delivery in
or out of the cell
Organelles, Cont.
•
Vesicles
•
•
•
Membrane sacs that store
or transport different
substances
Lysosome: vesicles that contain
digestive enzymes that clean,
digest food and sometimes break
down old cells or organelles
There are other kinds of
Vesicles including storage
and peroxisomes
Organelles, Cont.
•
Mitochondria
•
•
•
Converts energy from being
stored in organic macromolecules
to a usable chemical energy
currency, ATP
ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate, the
chemical used by cells as an
energy source for reactions and
work
Mitochondria have a double
membrane and their own DNA.
This allows Mitochondria to
replicate on their own as needed.
Organelles, Cont.
•
Cytoskeleton
•
•
•
•
A network of microtubules and micro
filaments that give the cell support and
shape. It also acts as a series of tracts for
organelles to travel on around the cell. Also,
assist in cell division and help with cell
movement.
The filaments and tubules are made out of
proteins.
Cilia: short hair like structures that line the
outside of some cells. Used for movement
and manipulating things outside the cell.
Flagella: Long whip like structures on the
outside of some cells that propel the cell in
one direction.
Plant Cells
•
Plants are
eukaryotes
but have 3
unique
differences.
Photosynthesis vs. Respiration: Many students think that
plants undergo only photosynthesis to make food, and animal
cells use the food for energy.
However:
-plant cells undergo cellular respiration also
-They use food made during photosynthesis
-Lucky for us, plants make more food than they use
Plant Cells: Cell Wall
•
Cell Wall
•
•
•
The cell wall is made from the
carbohydrate cellulose. It is
rigid and gives the plant
strength.
Pores in the cell wall:
Small holes allow some things to move
through. Water, ions and some
molecules (those small enough) may
pass through
Plant Cells: Central Vacuole
•
Central Vacuole
•
•
•
•
Stores lots of water, enzymes,
metabolic wastes and other
materials. Vacuoles may make up
as much as 90% of the cell.
Toxic or Pigment Vacuoles:
Some plants like Tobacco store toxic
chemicals (like nicotine) in their vacuole to
discourage predators
Some plants store color pigments (like the
color of a rose petal)
Plant Cells: Plastids
•
Plastids
•
•
Organelles similar
to Mitochondria
because they have
a double
membrane and
their own DNA.
Example:
•
Chloroplast and
Chromoplast.
Chloroplasts:
•Organelle responsible for photosynthesis
•Contain pigments that absorb light
energy
•Reproduce on their own just like
Mitochondria
Organelles Found ONLY in Animal
Cells
13. Centrioles
•Aid in cellular division
14. Lysosomes
--vesicles used to digest
--recycle old cell parts and
kills bacteria
--contain degrading enzymes
(to "lyse" means to dissolve)
TAY-SACHS disease – missing an enzyme of
the lysosomes that breaks down a fatty
substance. Over time this fat builds up in the
brain and nervous tissue, smothering the
cells. Results in degeneration and death.
Cells are often found in
groups functioning together.