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Biology Notes Cells Part 3 Pages 81-91 Standard 2.6 Explain the role of cell membranes as a ____ highly selective barrier (passive and active transport) Essential Question: 1. How do materials enter and leave cells? I. Cell Communication & Cell Membranes Cells must communicate with each other in order homeostasis to keep an organism in ____________ Homeostasis = regulation of an organism’s internal environment in order to maintain ________ balance e.g.pH, body temperature, heart rate, etc. • Cells send messages to other cells about what need and what they need to get rid of in they _____ order to keep this homeostasis – messages can be sent between cells that are chemical or _________ electrical _________ Cell Membrane = the organelle that surrounds support and protection as cells to provide ________ well as to regulate what _______ enters and______ exits the cell a.k.a. – plasma membrane • The cell membrane plays a vital role in cell communication by regulating what messages enter and ____ exit the cell can ______ • The cell membrane also plays a vital role in homeostasis by regulating what molecules can enter and ____ exit the cell ______ e.g. in = H2O, food out = waste, CO2 • selective permeability = the ability of the cell ___________ membrane to allow some materials to enter into a cell while keeping others out ______ II. Cell Membrane Structure Protein-lipid bilayer = a strong double layer of lipids containing embedded ________ proteins make _____ up the majority of the cell membrane structure fluid mosaic model • Also called the _____ Why would the cell membrane be made out of lipids??? - It needs to be waterproof • The lipids are called ______________ phospholipids because phosphate molecule attached each one has a __________ soluble whereas the • The lipid heads are not ________ soluble tails are ________ lipid heads = hydrophilic & polar lipid tails = hydrophobic & non-polar • The embedded ________ proteins carry out most of the functions of the plasma membrane enzymes and - some proteins serve as _________ destroy any material that could ______ harm the cells strengthen the cell - cholesterol serves to ____________ membrane – other proteins have ______________ carbohydrates attached that serve as a “beacon” for inside the cell materials needed ______ DIAGRAM: III. Cell Membrane Action In order to maintain ____________, homeostasis the concentration of most substances in and out of the cell must be _________ balanced • Concentration = in a ________, solution the amount of solute in a given volume of _______ solvent ______ volume (mass / _______) e.g. What is the concentration of salt if there are 12 grams of salt in 3 liters of water? 4g/L • Concentration gradient = the difference in _____________ concentration across a space • If the concentration of substances are not equal in and out of cells, then the cell ______ actions to balance the membrane may take _______ concentrations – there may be exceptions to this rule e.g. food always in / CO always out 2 A. Diffusion = the net movement of particles high concentration to an area from an area of _____ low concentration until dynamic equilibrium of ____ is reached down their • Substances are said to be moving ______ gradients concentration _________ • Dynamic equilibrium = when the concentration of particles are ______ equal both cell inside and outside of the ____ energy • Diffusion requires no _______ DIAGRAM: • Diffusion will only occur with small molecules CO2 ____, H2O _____ NH3 and ___. O2 Other larger like _____, glucose (C6H12O6) cannot use molecules, like ________________, diffusion to enter or exit a cell. _________ B. Osmosis = the diffusion of ______ water from an high concentration to an area of low area of _____ concentration through a selectively _____________ membrane permeable ___________ energy because it is – requires no _______ diffusion _________ – occurs in solutions when the solute is too ______ large to pass through the membrane so the water will move until the concentrations on either side of the membrane are ______ equal Why is this picture wrong? • Isotonic solution = a solution in which the concentration of ________ solution is the same on both cell sides of the _____ – there is no net movement of ______ water DIAGRAM: • Hypotonic solution = a solution in which the solution is lower ________ concentration of ________ outside the cell than ______ inside the cell into the cell – water will move ____ and the cell will appear swollen ________ – osmotic pressure = pressure created inside the cell when water moves ___ in DIAGRAM: • Hypertonic solution = a solution in which the solution is higher ________ outside concentration of ________ inside the cell the cell than ______ leave the cell a – water will ______ and the cell will appear wilted _______ – plasmolysis = the drop of ________ osmotic leaves pressure inside a cell when water _______ the cell DIAGRAM: C. Facilitated Diffusion = movement of cell membrane by means materials across a ____ transport proteins of _________ a.k.a. passive transport larger molecules like ________ C6H12O6 to • allows ______ cross • does not require _______ energy • molecules still move ______ down their concentration gradient DIAGRAM: D. Active Transport = the movement of materials cell membrane when it is ________ against across a ____ their concentration gradient energy to move materials from ____ low • requires _______ to high concentration DIAGRAM: E. Endocytosis = a process of taking material into the cell by means of _______ moving the entire ____ cell membrane 1. phagocytosis = a type of endocytosis in membrane surrounds which extension of the __________ a particle and packages it within a food ________ vacuole e.g. How amoebas intake food. 2. pinocytosis = a process by which cells take liquids from the surrounding environment in _______ by forming ________ pockets along the cell membrane ___________ F. Exocytosis = a process by which material is _________ excreted from a cell by ______ fusion with the cell membrane e.g. lysosomes IV. Everyday Cell Membrane A. Food Preservation salt to make food last longer • Adding ____ hypertonic solution so that water – creates a ___________ cell moves out of the _____ spoiling by killing any – prevents food from ________ bacteria ________ osmosis – Works through _________ B. Kidneys • The nephron filters the ______ blood as it moves through the kidneys N2 ____ NH3 and waste or – substances like ___, H2O are removed and sent for excess ____ excretion _________ e.g. urine in bladder osmosis • Substances are removed by _________, facilitated diffusion and active _________ __________________ transport C. Lungs • The alveoli exchanges _____ CO2 for ___ O2 through diffusion simple _________