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Transcript
Cell: the smallest unit of life Discovery of Cells • 1665- Robert Hooke was the first to identify and name cells. • 1674- Anton van Leeuwenhoek made better lenses and observed cells in greater detail. • 1838- Mathias Schleiden noted that plants are made of cells • 1839- Theodor Schwann concluded that all living things are made of cells • 1855- Rudolf Virchow proposed that all cells come from other cells Cell Theory • All organisms are made of cells • All existing cells are produced by other living cells. • The cell is the most basic unit of life. Prokaryotic cells • Simple cells • No nucleus • Ex: bacteria Staphylococcus aureus Prokaryotic Cell E Coli Bacteria Enterococcus faecalis Bacteria Eukaryotic Cells • More complex • Have a true nucleus • Make up all living cells other than bacteria Eukaryotic Cell Fingernail Nerve Cell Nerve cell Hair Cell White and Red Blood Cells Similarities and differences between the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells Cell size 1-10 micrometers 10-100 micrometers Cell membrane? Yes Yes Membrane-bound organelles? No Yes Have nucleus? No Yes Have cytoplasm? Yes Yes Have DNA Yes, in cytoplasm Yes, in nucleus Examples Bacteria Fungi, plants, animals Cells use three different methods to move themselves or debris Flagella: long hairlike filaments used by some prokaryotes to move Flagellum Cilia: short hairlike projections that some cells use for movement Pseudopod: false foot Picture Quiz • Identify the cells as prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Eukaryotic- Mushroom Cell Eukaryotic- Red blood cells Prokaryotic- Lactobacilli bacteria Eukaryotic- fish egg cell Prokaryotic- MRSA Prokaryotic- Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria Eukaryotic- Fern leaf cell Eukaryotic- taste bud cell Eukaryotic- Osteocyte (bone cell) Eukaryotic- cartilage cells Cell Organelles • Specialized cell parts that carry out many different processes and functions. Cell membrane • Barrier around the cell that controls what goes in and out • Security Guard Nucleus • Controls most of the cell’s processes • Stores DNA • Control center or ‘brain’ Nuclear Membrane • Separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell Nucleolus • Darker portion inside the nucleus that produces ribosomes Cytoplasm (cytosol) • Jelly-like fluid inside the cell where metabolic processes occur Ribosome • Small organelles that float in the cytoplasm or on the ER that build proteins • Cell workers Endoplasmic Reticulum • Produces and transports materials such as proteins • Assembly line Golgi Apparatus (Golgi body) • Packages and distributes proteins and lipids • Shipping and handling department Lysosome • Stores enzymes and removes wornout organelles. Mainly in animal cells. • Waste disposal unit Mitochondria • Provides energy for the cell • Powerhouse or powerplant Cytoskeleton • Thin protein fibers that helps keep the cell’s shape Centrioles • Only found in animal cells that are important for cell division Cell wall • Found only in plant and fungus cells. • Provides extra shape, support and protection. Chloroplast • Found only in plant cell. They contain chlorophyll used for photosynthesis Vacuole • Stores water, salts, and wastes. Plants have larger ones • Storage unit Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells Plant Cells Animal Cells Have a Cell Membrane, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and Endoplasmic Reticulum? YES YES Have a Cell Wall? YES NO Have Lysosomes? NO (rarely) YES Have Vacuoles? YES None or Small Have Chloroplasts? YES NO Cellular Differentiation • 250 different kinds of cells in the human body • Through cellular differentiation, different types of cells are created to carry out specific tasks or functions. • In animals the “starter” cells that differentiate are called stem cells • In plants those cells are called meristematic cells Cellular Organization Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organisms Image References • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • http://tissupath.com.au/medical-student-subjects-skin/ http://www.acceleratedstudynotes.com/ib/biology-ib/ib-biology-eukaryotic-cells/ http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/plants/tissue.html http://michelleburden.weebly.com/levels-of-organization.html http://www.interactive-biology.com/3956/anatomy-of-the-plant-cell-vs-a-human-cell/ http://www.recredible.com/view/biology/77 http://bms.westfordk12.us/pages/teams/7green/cells/grouph/Hcellwall.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/centriole-function.html https://twitter.com/cytoskeleton69 http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/mitochondria/mitochondria.html http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch06/Golgi.html http://genius.com/2607907/Biology-genius-cell-organelles/Endoplasmic-reticulum http://thecellorganelles.weebly.com/rough--smooth-endoplasmic-reticulum.html http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/316287/view http://www.kbalab.com/portfolio/outer-hair-cell/ http://webpages.shepherd.edu/blidgerd/course_descriptions.htm https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/prokaryotic-cells59/characteristics-of-prokaryotic-cells-312-11445/ http://www.extension.org/pages/28432/staphylococcus-aureus#.Vb5UOkL5NUQ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Enterococcus_faecalis_SEM_01.png https://www.reddit.com/r/RealMicroscopicLife http://biologos.org/blog/bacterial-flagellum-appearances-can-be-deceiving http://www.turbosquid.com/Search/Index.cfm?keyword=flagella http://www.sciencefriday.com/segment/07/22/2011/video-pick-engineering-artificial-cilia.html http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch28/amoeba.html • • • • • http://www.deviantart.com/art/Organelle-Illustrations-260886159 https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/test-2/deck/6315023 http://iws.collin.edu/biopage/faculty/mcculloch/1406/outlines/chapter%207/chap07.htm http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/biobookcell2.html http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/animals/cell/