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Biology
Ms. Nguyen
Chapter 7: Life is Cellular
Lesson Overview
Life Is Cellular
THINK OUT LOUD
What’s the smallest part of any living thing that still counts as being
“alive?”
I. The Discovery of the Cell
A. What is the cell
theory?
1. All living things =
made up of cells.
2. New cells > from
existing cells.
Watch This: “The Cell
Theory”
B. Early Microscopes
1) 1655: Robert Hooke
a. Used a compound
microscope to look at
a nonliving thin slice of
cork, a plant material.
b. Cork = thousands
of tiny, empty
chambers >“cells”
– 2. Anton van
Leeuwenhoek
a. examined pond water
and other living things
b. In the mouth >
bacteria.
c. Result > cells basic
units of life.
3. 1838, Matthias
Schleiden
4. 1839,Theodor
Schwann
5. 1855, Rudolf
Virchow
a. all plants are made of
cells.
a. all animals are made of
cells.
a. Confirmed: new cells
could be produced only
from the division of existing
cells
Lesson Overview
Life Is Cellular
II. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Lesson Overview
Life Is Cellular
II. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
A. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells
1) No nucleus.
2) Circular DNA attached to
DNA
the inside of the membrane
or plasmad system
cell
3) generally smaller and
membrane
simpler
4)Bacteria
5) Unicellular
6) No cytoskeleton
7) Binary Fussion (asexual)
Eukaryotic cells
1) Nucleus holds genese
2) DNA + RNA in nuclei
3) generally larger and
more complex
4) plants, animals, fungi,
and organisms
AKA“protists”
5) Usually multicellular
6) Cytoskeleton
7) Miosses or Mitossis
(sexual or asexual)
Lesson Overview
7.2 Cell Structure
Lesson Overview
Life Is Cellular
Bell Ringer
1) Compare and Contrast the two types of cells!
Lesson Overview
Life Is Cellular
THINK OUT LOUD
1) Describe what is going on in this visual.
III. Cell Organization
A. What is the role of
the cell parts?
Watch this: “Discovery
Cell”
1) Each cell part =
organelle
2) Organelle > have
special function
IV. Organelles
A. The Nucleus “the
brain”
1) In Eukaryotic cells
>the nucleus is the
control center of the
cell.
2) The nucleus = DNA
+ coded instructions
for making proteins
and other important
molecules.
3) Nucleus
=surrounded by a
nuclear envelope
composed of two
membranes
4) Nuclear envelope is
dotted with thousands of
nuclear pores, which allow
proteins, RNA, and other
molecules to move into
and out of the nucleus.
Lesson Overview
Life Is Cellular
5) Chromosomes contain the genetic
information that is passed from one
generation of cells to the next.
6) Chromatin—a complex of DNA bound
to proteins (a chain of chromosomes)
Lesson Overview
Life Is Cellular
7) Center = nucleolus > assembly of
ribosome begins.
B. Vacuoles and
Vesicles “the store”
1) large, saclike,
membrane-enclosed
structures = store
water, salts, proteins,
and carbohydrates.
2) Vacuole > pumps
excess water out of
the cell.
3) Plant cells =
central vacuole
support heavy
structures such as
leaves and flowers
4) Vesicles are used to store
and move materials
between cell organelles, as
well as to and from the cell
surface.
C. Lysosomes “Cleaning
Service”
1) Removing “trash”
from cell
2) Breakdown lipids,
carbohydrates, and proteins
into small molecules that
can be used by the rest of
the cell.
3) Breakdown unused
organelles
4) Found in animal and
specialized plant cells
Lysosomes “Cleaning Service”
D. Cytoskeleton “the
structure”
1) Eukaryotic cells’ shape
and internal organization
> a network of protein
filaments
1) Some = transport
materials between
different parts of the cell,
(conveyer belts)
3) Microfilaments >
movement
4) Microtubules > maintain
shape + protect cell surface
E. Centrioles
1) located near the
nucleus + help to
organize cell division.
2) Not found in plant
cells.
F. Microtubules
1) Help build
projections from cell
surface
1) AKA cilia and flagella,
(enable cells to swim
rapidly through
liquids)
3) Microtubule >
produce controlled
movements.
V. Organelles That Build
Proteins
A.
What organelles help make and transport
proteins?
1) Proteins are assembled on ribosomes.
2) Proteins made on the rough endoplasmic
reticulum
3) The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and
packages proteins and other materials
4)Cells need to build new molecules all the time,
especially proteins, which catalyze chemical
reactions and make up important structures in the
cell.
5)Because proteins carry out so many of the
essential functions of living things, a big part of
the cell is devoted to their production and
distribution.
–
Proteins are synthesized on ribosomes,
sometimes in association with the rough
endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes.
Lesson Overview
G. Ribosome
Life Is Cellular
1) Small particles of RNA and
protein
2) Found throughout the
cytoplasm in all cells.
3) Make proteins by following
coded instructions that
come from DNA.
Lesson Overview
Life Is Cellular
H. Endoplasmic Reticulum
1) Eukaryotic cells’ internal
membrane
2) Where lipid components of
the cell membrane are
assembled
3) Where proteins and other
materials > exported from
the cell.
Lesson Overview
Life Is Cellular
4) Synthesis of proteins = rough
endoplasmic reticulum
5) Newly made proteins leave
these ribosomes and are
inserted into the rough ER,
where they may be chemically
modified.
Lesson Overview
Life Is Cellular
6) Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum (smooth ER)
because ribosomes are not
found on its surface.
7) Most smooth ER > tasks,
synthesis of membrane
lipids and detoxification of
drugs.
Lesson Overview
Life Is Cellular
H. Golgi Apparatus
“delivery system” UPS,
FEDX, USPS
1) Move after rough ER
2) Proteins are bundled into tiny
vesicles that bud from the ER
and carry them to the Golgi
apparatus.
3) Modifies, sorts, and packages
proteins and other materials
from the ER for storage in the
cell or release outside the cell.
4) From the Golgi apparatus,
proteins > “shipped” to their final
destination inside or outside the
cell.
Lesson Overview
Life Is Cellular
VI. Organelles That Capture and
Release Energy
I. Chloroplast
1) Plants and some other
organisms contain
chloroplasts
2) Involved in energy
conversion processes
within the cell
3) Chloroplasts = biological
equivalents of solar power
plants > photosynthesis.
Lesson Overview
Life Is Cellular
4) Two membranes surround
chloroplasts.
5) Inside the organelle are large
stacks of other membranes,
which contain the green
pigment chlorophyll.
Lesson Overview
Life Is Cellular
J. Mitochondria “Power
house”
1) Nearly all eukaryotic cells,
including plants, contain
mitochondria.
2) Convert the chemical
energy stored in food into
compounds that are more
convenient for the cell to
use.
Lesson Overview
Life Is Cellular
VII. Cellular Boundaries
Bell Ringer: Think- Pair- Share
What is the importance of having a wall to a room?
Lesson Overview
Life Is Cellular
Cellular Boundaries
Cells boundaries = cell membrane
1) Many cells, including
most prokaryotes, also
produce a strong
supporting layer around the
membrane known as a cell
wall.
Lesson Overview
K. Cell Walls
Life Is Cellular
1) Provide support and
protection for
the cell.
2) Animal cells do not have
cell walls.
3) Cell walls lie outside the
cell membrane and most
are porous enough to allow
water, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and certain other
substances to pass
through easily.
Lesson Overview
Life Is Cellular
4) All cells contain a cell membrane
that regulates what enters and
leaves the cell and also protects
and supports the cell.
5) Cell membranes = doublelayered sheet = lipid bilayer
6) Lipid bilayer = flexible structure +
strong barrier between the cell
surroundings.