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Isfahan University of Technology (IUT) Advance physiology By A. Riasi Ph.D. in Animal physiology and nutrition Outlines فیزیولوژی سلول (فیزیولوژی غشا و اجزای سلول ،فعالیت سلول و کنترل آن) فیزیولوژی سلول های ماهیچه ای و عصب فیزیولوژی قلب و عروق (مقدمه ،ساختمان قلب و عروق و کنترل عملکرد آن ،منحنی )ECG فیزیولوژی قلب و عروق (کنترل کوتاه مدت ،متوسط و دراز مدت قلب) فیزیولوژی دستگاه تنفس (ساختمان و کنترل عملکرد آن ،تهویه ،دیفیوژن ،انتقال اکسیژن در ششها و عروق و سلول) فیزیولوژی کلیه (نفرون ها ،فیلتراسیون و باز جذب) فیزیولوژی کلیه (کنترل GFRو مکانیزم دفع ادرار) فیزیولوژی دستگاه گوارش (ساختمان دهان ،مری ،معده ،روده کوچک و عملکرد آنها) فیزیولوژی دستگاه گوارش (سیری و گرسنگی) ،یافته های جدید علم دستگاه گوارش. References Animal Physiology by: Sherwood et al. Duck’s Physiology of Domestic Animals by: H. H. Duck’s Anatomy and Physiology The Animal Science Journals by: A. C. Guyton Cell structure Cells have the ability to grow, replicate, perform complex metabolic reaction, and respond to environmental stimuli. Prokaryotic VS Eukaryotic cells We need to use the Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM) for studying the cell structures. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells Cell membrane Cell membrane morphology Cell membrane morphology Cytoplasm & cytosol Cytoplasm is material between plasma membrane and the nucleus. Cytoplasmic organelles are metabolic machinery of the cell. Cytosol occupying about 55% of the total cell volume. Cytoplasm & cytosol Cytosol is the semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm that surround the organelles. Cytosol is actually more like a highly organized gelatinous mass with difference in composition and gelatinous consistency between various regions and states of the cells. Cytoplasmic organelles Specialized cellular compartments Membranous Mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, reticulum, and Golgi apparatus Nonmembranous Cytoskeleton, centrioles, and ribosomes endoplasmic Cell’s organelles Nucleus & Nucleolus Contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin Gene-containing control center of the cell Dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized Nucleus & Nucleolus Figure 3.28a Nuclear envelope Selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores. Encloses jellylike nucleoplasm, which contains essential solutes. Pore complex regulates transport of large molecules into and out of the nucleus. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Endo-membrane System Plasma membrane ER Nuclear membrane Golgi apparatus Vesicles Figure 3.23 Golgi apparatus Stacked and flattened membranous sacs. Functions in modification, concentration, and packaging of proteins. Transport vesicles from the ER fuse with the Golgi. Secretory vesicles leave the Golgi stack and move to designated parts of the cell. Role of the Golgi Apparatus (Shipping department) Figure 3.21 Lysosomes Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes. Digest ingested bacteria, etc. Degrade nonfunctional organelles. Cytoskeleton The “skeleton” of the cell Series of rods running through the cytosol Consists of Microtubules – hollow tubes Microfilaments – thin, solid strands of actin Intermediate filaments – coiled strands of protein Figure 3.24 Centrioles Small barrel-shaped organelles located centrosome near the nucleus Organize mitotic spindle during mitosis Form the bases of cilia and flagella in the Centrioles Cilia Whiplike, motile cellular extensions on exposed surfaces of certain cells Move substances in one direction across cell surfaces Cilia Cilia Mitochondria (Power house) Double membrane structure with shelflike cristae Provide most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration Contain their own DNA and RNA Mitochondria Motor Molecules Protein complexes that function in motility Powered by ATP Attach to receptors on organelles Motor Molecules Motor Molecules Figure 3.25b Motor Molecules