* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Document
Survey
Document related concepts
Cytoplasmic streaming wikipedia , lookup
Tissue engineering wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
1 2 Cell Theory • All know living things are made up of cells • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things • All cells come from preexisting cells • Clip 3 Robert Hooke-1665 • First to see cells. • First to use the word • “cells”- named for the places that monks sleep in monastery Built first microscope 4 Theodor Schwann 1839 Concluded that all animals are made up of cells Matthias Schleiden 1839 Concluded that all plant cells are made up of cells 5 Two basic Types of Cells 6 Prokaryotic Cells DO HAVE • Cell membrane • Ribosomes • DNA DO NOT HAVE • Organelles • Nucleus •Are all singled celled organisms. •Thought of as more ancient life forms…they came 1st! 7 Eukaryotic Cells • Have organelles. • Singled-celled or multicellular organisms! • 2 Types: Plant and Animal 8 9 Basic Cell Structure • Cells come in many different shapes and sizes. • Like bricks in a building, cells make up all living things • Clip 10 The Cell Membrane • The outside of ALL cells are surrounded by a membrane made of phospholipids. • Nickname: “The gatekeeper” 11 Membrane Structure • There are proteins “stuck” in the membrane that help get things into and out of the cells. • They also help to get messages into the cell. 12 The Membrane is a lipid bilayer. 13 How do molecules get into and out of a cell? 14 Transport through the membrane Two types –Passive Transport •Energy input NOT required –Active Transport •Energy input required 15 Passive Transport Moves material from High Concentration to Low concentration 3 types of Passive Transport 1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated Diffusion Protein •Movement of molecules from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration •Always higher to lower! •No energy input required! Diffusion 16 17 Osmosis:Diffusion of water through a cell membrane 18 • Types of solutions: The direction in which the water moves is determined by the type of solution. • Remember water runs downhill! • From high concentration to low concentration. 19 3 types of Solutions What types of solution? Hypertonic Or Hypotonic 21 Facilitated Diffusion Particles moved with the help of membrane Glucose proteins High Concentration Cell Membrane bilayer Low Concentration molecules Protein channel 22 Active Transport • Energy is required. • Need ATP- the universal energy molecule. • Low to high concentration 23 Ways to get molecules into and out of a cell with active transport Some molecules are too large to get through the membrane. Website 1.Endocytosis • Into 1.Exocytosis • Out of E N D O C Y T O S I S 21 22 Inside of the cell Exocytosis Outside of the cell 22 Cell Structure • Cells are composed of a variety of structures that help them do their jobs. 23 Cell Wall • Found in Plant, Fungi, and Bacteria Cells • Provides support and protection • In plants, the cell wall is made of the carbohydrate cellulose. 24 Ribosomes • Not technically an organelles. • Nickname: “protein maker” • They help put the amino acids together to make proteins. • Made of the nucleic Acid-RNA • website 25 The Cytoplasm • jelly-like substance • contains all of the organelles 26 Organelles in the Cytoplasm • Each organelle has a specific function so that the cell can do its job. • Each organelle has its own job! • Remember: ONLY EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE ORGANELLES!!!! 27 What’s an organelle? • Organelle mean “tiny organ.” • Organelles function together to help the cell carry out all of life’s activities!! 28 Nucleus-The Control Center • “The Brain” • Contains the DNA • DNA controls which proteins get made-and when! • Where ribosomes are made 29 Nucleus (Continued) • has a phospholipid • • bilayer around it nuclear pores allow substances to move into and out of the nucleus DNA NEVER leaves the nucleus 30 31 Endoplasmic Reticulum • Membrane • system function = protein synthesis and transport. thought of as a Highway and a place of protein synthesis. 31 Two types of ER • Smooth – No attached ribosomes • Rough – Attached ribosomes 32 33 Golgi Apparatus • Nickname: “UPS” • Packages molecules • • and sends them to their destination. Also checks to make sure the molecules are put together correctly, if not correct it sends them back to the ER. Website Let’s Review 35 Vacuoles • packages of material that are being stored and transported •Plants usually have one large one •Animals generally have many small ones. 36 Lysosomes • Nickname “Recycling Center” • Has digestive enzymes that breakdown and recycle molecules. 37 38 Chloroplasts Site of photosynthesis in plants. 39 Cytoskeleton • Gives cells their shape. • Contain proteins: microtubules (shape) and microfilaments (movement). 40 Mitochondria • Nickname: • • • “Powerhouse” Site of ATP production ATP is the universal energy molecule Energy is stored in the bonds of ATP. • Website 41 Vacuole Chloroplast Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome (free) Ribosome (attached) Cell Membrane Cell wall Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondrian Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Plant Cell 42 Organelles of the Cell Clip Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached)Ribosome (free) Cell Membrane Mitochondrian Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles Golgi apparatus Animal Cell 43 Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell Clip 44 Levels of Organization • Cells make up tissues. • Tissues make up Organs. • Organs make up organ systems.