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Transcript
KONTRAK KULIAH & STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL Jam ke : 3-4 Ruang : RSUA Lantai 4, Ruang 4C Dosen : 1. Prof. Win Darmanto, M.Si., Ph.D 2. Dr. Alfiah Hayati 3. Sugiharto, S.Si., M.Si TATAP MUKA TOPIK 13-Sep-13 kontrak kuliah & Struktur dan fungsi sel 20-Sep-13 Reproduksi sel 27-Sep-13 Gametogenesis & Organ reproduksi 04-Okt-13 Siklus reproduksi & menstruasi 11-Okt-13 Embriologi & perkembangannya 18-Okt-13 Morfogenesis UTS Jam ke: 8 Organogenesis 9 Patoembriologi 10 Dasar-dasar pewarisan sifat 11 Pautan kromosom 12 Penentuan jenis kelamin (determinasi seks) & alel ganda 13 Genetika populasi 14 UAS NA : 40% UTS + 40% UAS + 20% TUGAS DOSEN The class invited in 5 groups, it`s: 1. Nucleus & endomembrane system 2. Smooth & rough endoplasmic reticulum 3. Golgi apparatus & Lysosomes 4. Mitochondria & Chloroplast 5. Plasmodesmata & junction Make attractive discussion about structure & function of the Cell with your friend in the class • • • • • • Apa ada RE di prokariota? Sel mati tidak berinti, mengapa? Sistem endomembran, detoksifikasi, berudu GA menerima produk dari RE, berupa apa? Bakteri dicerna lisosom? Fungsi kloroplas dalam fotosintesis (reaksi terang & gelap) • DNA mitokondria INTRODUCTION TO THE WORLD OF THE CELL • The microscope was invented in the 17th century • Using a microscope, Robert Hooke discovered cells in 1665 • All living things are made of cells (cell theory) • The light microscope enables us to see the overall shape and structure of a cell Image seen by viewer Eyepiece Ocular lens Objective lens Specimen Condenser lens Light source Figure 4.1A • Electron microscopes were invented in the 1950s • They use a beam of electrons instead of light • The greater resolving power of electron microscopes – allows greater magnification – reveals cellular details • Scanning electron microscope (SEM) • Scanning electron micrograph of cilia Figure 4.1B Transmission electron microscope (TEM) • Transmission electron micrograph of cilia Figure 4.1C • Below is a list of the most common units of length biologists use (metric) Table 4.2 • Cell size and shape relate to function Figure 4.2 Prokaryotic cells are small and structurally simple • There are two kinds of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic • Prokaryotic cells are small, relatively simple cells – They do not have a nucleus • A prokaryotic cell is enclosed by a plasma membrane and is usually encased in a rigid cell wall – The cell wall may be covered by a sticky capsule Prokaryotic flagella Ribosomes Capsule Cell wall – Inside the cell are its DNA and other parts Plasma membrane Pili Nucleoid region (DNA) Figure 4.4 • Prokaryotic flagella Figure 4.4x4 • Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells compared Figure 4.4x5 • Paramecium, an animal cell Figure 4.5Ax Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments • All other life forms are made up of one or more eukaryotic cells • These are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells • Eukaryotes are distinguished by the presence of a true nucleus • An animal cell Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Flagellum Not in most plant cells Lysosome Centriole Ribosomes Peroxisome Microtubule Cytoskeleton Intermediate filament Microfilament Figure 4.5A Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane Mitochondrion • Chloroplasts in plant cells Figure 4.5Bx2 • The plasma membrane controls the cell’s contact with the environment • The cytoplasm contains organelles • Many organelles have membranes as boundaries – These compartmentalize the interior of the cell – This allows the cell to carry out a variety of activities simultaneously • A plant cell has some structures that an animal cell lacks: – Chloroplasts – A rigid cell wall Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Microtubule Not in animal cells Central vacuole Intermediate filament Chloroplast Microfilament Cell wall Mitochondrion Peroxisome Plasma membrane Figure 4.5B Cytoskeleton The nucleus is the cell’s genetic control center • The largest organelle is usually the nucleus • The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope • The nucleus is the cellular control center – It contains the DNA that directs the cell’s activities ORGANELLES OF THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM NUCLEUS Chromatin Nucleolus Two membranes of nuclear envelope Pore ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Ribosomes Figure 4.6 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has a variety of functions • Smooth ER synthesizes lipids • In some cells, it regulates carbohydrate metabolism and breaks down toxins and drugs SMOOTH ER ROUGH ER Nuclear envelope Ribosomes SMOOTH ER Figure 4.9 ROUGH ER The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products • The Golgi apparatus consists of stacks of membranous sacs – These receive and modify ER products, then send them on to other organelles or to the cell membrane • The Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus “Receiving” side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from ER New vesicle forming “Shipping” side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from the Golgi Figure 4.10 Lysosomes digest the cell’s food and wastes Lysosomes are sacs of digestive enzymes budded off the Golgi LYSOSOME Nucleus Figure 4.11A • Lysosomal enzymes – digest food – destroy bacteria – recycle damaged organelles – function in embryonic development in animals Rough ER Transport vesicle (containing inactive hydrolytic enzymes) Plasma membrane Golgi apparatus Engulfment of particle Lysosome engulfing damaged organelle “Food” LYSOSOMES Food vacuole Figure 4.11B Digestion • Protists may have contractile vacuoles – These pump out excess water Nucleus Contractile vacuoles Figure 4.13B A review of the endomembrane system • The various organelles of the endomembrane system are interconnected structurally and functionally Rough ER Transport vesicle from Golgi Transport vesicle from ER Plasma membrane Vacuole Nucleus Lysosome Smooth ER Nuclear envelope Golgi apparatus Figure 4.14 ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy • Chloroplasts are found in plants and some protists • Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy in sugars Chloroplast Stroma Inner and outer membranes Granum Figure 4.15 Intermembrane space Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food • Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration – This process uses the chemical energy in food to make ATP for cellular work MITOCHONDRION Outer membrane Intermembrane space Inner membrane Cristae Figure 4.16 Matrix Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend • Eukaryotic cilia and flagella are locomotor appendages that protrude from certain cells • A cilia or flagellum is composed of a core of microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane EUKARYOTIC CELL SURFACES AND JUNCTIONS Cell surfaces protect, support, and join cells • Cells interact with their environments and each other via their surfaces • Plant cells are supported by rigid cell walls made largely of cellulose – They connect by plasmodesmata, channels that allow them to share water, food, and chemical messages Walls of two adjacent plant cells Vacuole PLASMODESMATA Layers of one plant cell wall Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Figure 4.19A Tight junctions can bind cells together into leakproof sheets • Anchoring junctions link animal cells TIGHT JUNCTION ANCHORING JUNCTION • Communicating junctions allow substances to flow from cell to cell COMMUNICATING JUNCTION Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Figure 4.19B Extracellular matrix TERIMA KASIH ATAS PERHATIANNYA