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Chapter 4
Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells
Bellringer
What are three differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells?
Write your answer in your science journal.
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells
What You Will Learn
• Eukaryotic cells have many parts--such as cell
membranes, a nucleus, and ribosomes--in common.
• Plant cells and animal cells have some cell parts that
are different.
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Wall
• Eukaryotic cells have many organelles in
common to carry out important functions.
• Plants are eukaryotes that have some structures and
organelles not seen in animal cells.
• Plant cells have a rigid structure that surrounds the
cell membrane called the cell wall. Animal cells
lack a cell wall.
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Membrane
• All cells have a cell membrane made up of proteins
and phospholipids.
• A phospholipid has a water-loving, or hydrophillic,
head
• it also has a water-fearing, or hydrophobic, tail.
• The phospholipids form a two-layer protective
membrane.
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Membrane, continued
• The two-layer membrane
makes it difficult for
materials to pass into or
out of the cell.
• Some materials, like
nutrients and wastes, move
through the membrane
using protein passageways
within the membrane.
• Controls what leaves and
enters the cell
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells
Cytoskeleton
• is a web of proteins in the
cytoplasm of some cells.
• It plays a key role in cell
movement, shape, and division.
• Different cells have different
shapes because of their
cytoskeletons.
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus “Control center”
• All eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
• contains the cell’s DNA.
• The DNA provides messages for making
proteins.
• Contains chromosomes which are important
to cell division
• Contains the nucleolus “Little Nucleus”
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Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleolus
• “little nucleus”
• Produces ribosome's which are the protein factories
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells
Ribosomes “Protein Factories”
• Proteins are the building blocks of cells
• Ribosome's on the ER produce proteins for use
outside of the cell
• Ribosome's in cytoplasm produce protein for use
inside of cell
• Contains RNA that carries code from DNA to parts
outside of nucleus
• Unlike most organelles, ribosomes are not covered
by a membrane.
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• ER, is a system of folded membranes in which proteins,
lipids, and other materials are made.
• Rough ER is covered with ribosomes that make proteins
• Smooth ER lacks ribosomes.
• Transport system for proteins outside of cell
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells
Endoplasmic Reticulum, continued
• Smooth ER makes lipids and breaks down toxic
materials.
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells
Mitochondria “Power House”
• A mitochondrion is the main power source of a cell.
• organelle in which sugar is broken down to release
energy.
• The folded inner membrane of a mitochondrion is
where ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is made.
• ATP is the energy storing molecule used by the cell to
carry out its functions.
• Have their own DNA
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells
Chloroplasts “Green Structure”
• organelles in which photosynthesis takes place.
• Plants, algae, and some prokaryotes have cells with
chloroplasts.
• green because they contain chlorophyll, the pigment
that traps the energy of sunlight.
• This energy is used to make sugar during
photosynthesis.
• Have their own DNA
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells
Golgi Complex “Cell Mailroom”
• packages and distributes proteins and lipids.
• The materials may be taken to other parts of the cell
or may exit the cell.
• Materials may be modified in the Golgi complex to do
different jobs before they are sent off.
• The Golgi complex pinches off portions of its
membrane to create bubbles called vesicles.
• The bubbles contain the materials to be transported.
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Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells
Vesicle “Storage Unit”
• The bubble that forms from the Golgi complex’s
membrane is an example of a vesicle.
• A vesicle is a small sac that surrounds materials to
be moved into or out of the cell.
• Vesicles also move materials within the cell.
• All eukaryotic cells have vesicles.
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Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells
Vacuoles “liquid storage”
• Found in plant cells
• They play an important role in plants.
• The large central vacuole in a plant cell stores water
and other liquids.
• Some plants wilt when their large central vacuoles
lose water.
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Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells
Lysosomes “Clean Up Crew”
• vesicles that contain digestive enzymes.
• They carry out digestion inside a cell.
• Lysosomes destroy worn-out organelles, engulf
foreign invaders, and get rid of wastes.
• Lysosomes are found mainly in animal cells.
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Cell Wall
• Only in plant cells
• Provides strength and support
• Enables plants and trees to stand tall
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Cytoplasm
• Jelly – like substance that fills the cell
• Contains tiny, tube like structures that form the
cytoskeleton
• Supports the cell
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Centriole
• Organizes the cytoskeleton
• Plays important role in cell division
• They migrate to opposite ends of cell during cell
division “mitosis”.
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Chromosomes
•
•
•
•
Thick rod-like objects in nucleus
Made of DNA
Segments of DNA are the genes called heredity
Important during cell division.
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Chapter 4
Section 2 Eukaryotic Cells
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