Download What is microbiology? Study of organisms too small to

What is microbiology?
Study of organisms too small to
be seen without a microscope
ARCHEABACTERIA
BACTERIA
PROTISTA (subject to change)
FUNGI (MYCETEAE)
PLANTAE
ANIMALIAE
Viruses are NOT living, but virology
is part of microbiology.
Classification
• Domain
– Kingdom
• Phylum
– Class
» Order
» Family
» Genus + species
Scientific names
• Use italics
• After first use, it is okay to use a letter to
represent genus (unless you are beginning
a sentence)
• Escherichia coli
• Staphylococcus aureus
Why care about microbes?
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First life
Necessary for life on Earth
Valuable tools for research and industry
Food and drink preparation
Disease in humans, plants, & other animals
Increased knowledge
bioremediation
Areas of research/clinical
application
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Epidemiology
Health Care
Immunology
Agricultural microbiology
Biotech
Industrial microbiology
Genetic Engineering
Environmental microbiology
Pharmaceutical microbiology
Scientific Method
• Ask a question
• Formulate hypotheses
– null
– alternative
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Test hypotheses (carefully)
Statistics
Interpretation
Reporting
• A LITTLE CHEMISTRY
ELEMENTS
TYPES OF BONDS
Ionic bonds
Covalent bonds
Polar
Covalent bonds
Non Polar
Hydrogen bonds
pH
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
LIPIDS
• Characteristics
– Mostly C & H, not soluble in water, uses
include storage (energy), support, part of cell
membranes
• Building blocks
– Vary depending on type
– Triglycerides have glycerol head + 3 fatty acids
• Types
– Triglycerides, phospholipids, steriods, waxes
etc.
CARBOHYDRATES
General characteristics
Composed mostly of C,H, and O, uses include energy
storage and as parts of various structures (e.g. cell
walls)
Building blocks
monosaccharides or simple sugars
Types
monosaccharides e.g., glucose
disaccharides e.g., sucrose
polysaccharides e.g., starch
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
PROTEINS
• Characteristics- composed of C,H,O, N,
and some with S, uses include as
structures, recognition, endocrine, muscle
contraction etc.
• Building blocks amino acids
• Structural levels
– Primary
– Secondary
– Tertiary
– Quaternary
Structural levels
NUCLEIC ACIDS
• Characteristics: nucleic acids contain C,H, O, N,
and P
• Building blocksare nucleotides (composed of a
nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate group.
• Types
– DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid is the heritable material
that codes for proteins. It exists as a double helix
– RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the compound that takes the
information from DNA for the formation of proteins. It is
usually single stranded.
DNA
RNA
Prokaryotes
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Archeabacteria and Bacteria
Unicellular
Smaller in general than eukaryotes
Membrane bound organelles - absent
Reproduction - asexual
DNA - circular
Proteins assoc. with DNA - Basic
Ribosomes - 70S subunit
Eukaryotes
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Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals
Mostly Multicellular except protists
Larger in general than prokaryotes
Membrane bound organelles-present
Reproduction – asexual & sexual
DNA - linear
Proteins assoc. with DNA - Histone
Ribosomes - 80S subunit
Eukaryotic Cell
Cell Membrane
Cell membrane
Structure
Components
Arrangement
Functions include
Barrier
Transport (know diffusion, osmosis, facilitated
diffusion and active transport)
Recognition (e.g., self vs. non-self)
Reception (for protein hormones)
Adhesion
Cell membrane
Nucleus
• Structure and Function
– membrane similar to cell membrane (similar
function)
– Nucleolus (formation of ribosomes)
– Chromosomes (gene expression)
– Nucleoplasm (matrix)
Ribosomes
• Structure
– rRNA
– Proteins
• Function
– Site of protein formation (translation)
• Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
(different structurally)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Structure membranous system of tunnels
and sacs
– Rough – with ribosomes on surface
– Smooth- no ribosomes on surface
• Function
– Rough – protein synthesis
– Smooth- lipid synthesis
Golgi Apparatus
• Structure also membranous, kind of like a
stack of pancakes
• Function processing of lipids and proteins
Lysosomes
• Structure membrane bound sac containing
hydrolytic enzymes
• Function digestion
Mitochondria
• Structure – cigar-shaped, double
membrane-bound organelle
• Function – Energy transfer by ATP
synthesis
Chloroplast
• Structure
– Also cigar or spindle shaped, double
membrane-bound, green
• Function
– Site of photosynthesis
OTHER STUCTURES
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Cell walls, not in animal cells
Vacuoles
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
APPENDAGES
• Flagellum
• Arrangements of flagella
• Fimbriae
• Pili
GRAM STAIN
• A differential stain for most bacteria
SPORES
• Some bacteria produce spores that allow
them to survive during adverse conditions
SHAPES AND ARRANGEMENTS
METABOLISM
• FOR THIS SECTION I WILL BE USING
THE OVERHEAD SO THAT I CAN GO
OVER INFORMATION AS I WRITE IT
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