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Transcript
The Cell Cells are the basic unit of living things Leeuwenhoek • 1674 • First to describe cells as seen through a simple microscope Robert Hooke In 1665, Robert Hooke viewed cork samples. He observed hollow boxes which he called cells. • In the 1830’s Schleiden and Schwann studied plant and animal cells. Schleiden All plants are made of cells. Schwann All animals are made of cells. Cell Theory 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cell Theory 2. The cell is the basic unit of organization for organisms. Cell Theory 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells. BASIC CELL TYPES Prokaryote Eukaryote Prokaryote • Primitive cells without organelles. • Lacks internal structures surrounded by membranes • Lacks a true nucleus • DNA is contained in the nucleoid • Most are single-celled organisms • Has membrane bound structures • Has a true nucleus • Allows cells parts to specialize in particular functions • Can be unicellular or multicellular • Membrane-bound structures are called organelles • Allows different chemical reactions to take place Eukaryote Cell Structures and Functions Plasma Membrane • AKA: cell membrane • Location: Surrounds the cell • Function: boundary between cell and environment Controls what goes into and out of the cell. Cell Wall • Location: surrounds the plasma membrane in plant cells • Function: support Nucleus • Location: center of the cell • Function: manage cell functions Nuclear Envelope • Location: surround the nucleus • Function: controls what goes into and out of the nucleus DNA • Location: in the nucleus, on the chromosomes • Function: produce the codes for protein synthesis Chromatin • Location: in the nucleus, made from DNA • Function: form chromosomes during cell reproduction Nucleolus • Location: in the nucleus • Function: produce ribosomes Ribosomes • Location: nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm • Function: assembles enzymes and proteins for protein synthesis Cytoplasm • Location: from the nuclear envelope to the cell membrane, surrounding the organelles • Function: a clear, jelly-like fluid that holds the organelles in place Endoplasmic Reticulum • Location: within the cytoplasm • Function: site of lipid synthesis and cell’s delivery system Golgi Apparatus • Location: within the cytoplasm • Function: Receives and distributes the new proteins from the ER and distributes substances from the vesicles Vacuole • Location: within the cytoplasm • Function: temporary storage of material (food, water, waste, enzymes) • One large vacuole in plants • Many small vacuoles in animals Lysosomes • Location: within the cytoplasm (animals only) • Function: digest enzymes, worn out or extra cell parts, food, virus/bacteria Mitochondria • AKA: powerhouse • Location: within cytoplasm • Function: breaks down food to release energy Chloroplasts • Location: within cytoplasm (plants only) • Function: change light energy into usable chemical energy Chlorophyll: green pigment that gives plants their color and traps light Belongs to a group of plant organelles called plastids; which are used for storage. They store starches (carbs), lipids, and pigments. Cytoskeleton • Location: Within the cytoplasm • Function: provides support for organelles Composed of microtubules and microfilaments microtubules: thin hollow cylinders made of protein microfilaments: solid protein fibers Cilia • Location: outside of the cell, short, hair-like • Function: move the cell Flagella • Location: outside the cell, long, whip-like • Function: move the cell Centriole • Location: in the cytoplasm (animal cells only) • Function: aid in cell division