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Carbon Compounds Learning Objectives Describe the unique qualities of carbon. Describe the structures and functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules. Chemical Reactions Bonds between atoms are built and broken causing substances to combine and recombine as different molecules during chemical reactions. All of the chemical reactions within a cell are referred to as the cell’s metabolism. The Chemistry of Carbon Chain Ring Branching chain The carbon atom has four electrons available for bonding in its outer energy level. When two carbons bond, they can form a single, double or triple bond (sharing 1, 2, or 3 electrons) Carbons can form short chains, long chains, rings, or branched chains Macromolecules Macromolecules are large organic molecules found in living things. Monomers Polymer Carbohydrates (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen) Living things use carbohydrates as sources of energy and for structural purposes. Polymer Polysaccharide Monomer Monosaccharide Carbohydrate Structure Structures: Monosaccharides – 1 ring (simple sugars) • Glucose (cell’s primary source of energy) Disaccharides – 2 rings • Sucrose (table sugar) Polysaccharides – 3 or more rings (complex carbohydrates) • Amylose (component of starch) • Cellulose (structural carbohydrate in plants) Role of Carbohydrates In Plants: Carbohydrates are synthesized during the process of photosynthesis. The plants then: • Use them as a source of energy • Store them in the cells. In Animals: Carbohydrates are consumed as sugars, starches, and fiber. When large carbohydrates are consumed, digestion breaks down the carbohydrate molecules so that individual simple sugars can be absorbed into the bloodstream. • The bloodstream carries the simple sugars to the cell. • Once inside the cells, simple sugars are used as fuel in the process of cellular respiration. Functions of Carbohydrates Functions: Energy Source • Glucose - the primary source of energy - fuel for cellular respiration Energy Storage (short term) • Glycogen in the liver of animals • Starch in the structures of plants Structural Support • Cellulose forms cell walls in plants Lipids (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen) Lipids are a large and varied group of macromolecules that are not generally soluble in water. Types of lipids: Fatty Acids Phospholipid Triglyceride • a glycerol • three fatty acids •The high number of C-H bonds makes lipids very energy rich. Unsaturated Lipids Functions Energy Storage (long-term) • Animals in colder climates will store more fats to use as insulation as well as energy to keep warm • Stored fats are also used to cushion vital organs – Can be used for energy source when carbohydrates are scarce Cellular Membrane Structure • A major component of the cell membrane is the phospholipid Building Vitamins and Hormones • These help regulate our metabolism Sources Can be found in oils, meats, and nuts Proteins (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and sometimes Sulfur) Proteins are polymers made of amino acid monomers. Amino group: - NH2 Carboxyl group: - COOH Amino group Carboxyl group Peptide bond Protein Structure The building blocks of proteins are amino acids • There are 20 different amino acids 12 amino acids are made in the human body. Humans need to consume the other 8 amino acids from sources such as nuts, beans, or meat. The type and function of a protein is determined by the sequence of amino acids joined together and also the way they fold together. Function of Proteins Proteins are more important as a source of building blocks than as a source of energy. Proteins can function as an energy source only if there is a shortage of carbohydrates or lipids. Functions: Structural • proteins are used for support such as keratin that forms hair and finger nails. Transport • proteins such as hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to the other parts of the body to be used by cells in cellular respiration. Hormone • proteins coordinate body activities Contractile • proteins help control movement such as proteins in the muscles Enzymatic • proteins accelerate the speed of chemical reactions such as digestive enzymes Nucleic Acids (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous) Nucleic acids are polymers made of nucleotide monomers. Nitrogenous base Phosphate group 5-carbon sugar Nucleic Acids Function Store information • DNA – holds genetic code for an organism • RNA – makes a copy of DNA in order to make a protein Making Models Make a three-dimensional model of a nucleic acid or a protein. Include a key of your model showing what each part represents. Nitrogenous base Phosphate group 5-carbon sugar