Download amino acids - Wando High School

Carbon Compounds
Learning Objectives
 Describe the unique qualities of carbon.
 Describe the structures and functions of each of the four
groups of macromolecules.
Chemical Reactions
 Bonds between atoms are built and broken causing
substances to combine and recombine as different
molecules during chemical reactions.
 All of the chemical reactions within a cell are referred to as
the cell’s metabolism.
The Chemistry of Carbon
Chain
Ring
Branching chain
The carbon atom has four electrons available for bonding in its outer energy level.
When two carbons bond, they can form a single, double or triple bond (sharing 1, 2,
or 3 electrons)
Carbons can form short chains, long chains, rings, or branched chains
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are large organic molecules found in living
things.
Monomers
Polymer
Carbohydrates (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen)
Living things use carbohydrates as sources of energy and for
structural purposes.
Polymer
Polysaccharide
Monomer
Monosaccharide
Carbohydrate Structure
Structures:
Monosaccharides – 1 ring (simple
sugars)
• Glucose (cell’s primary
source of energy)
Disaccharides – 2 rings
• Sucrose (table sugar)
Polysaccharides – 3 or more rings
(complex carbohydrates)
• Amylose (component of
starch)
• Cellulose (structural
carbohydrate in plants)
Role of Carbohydrates
In Plants:
Carbohydrates are synthesized during
the process of photosynthesis.
The plants then:
• Use them as a source of energy
• Store them in the cells.
In Animals:
Carbohydrates are consumed as
sugars, starches, and fiber.
When large carbohydrates are
consumed, digestion breaks down the
carbohydrate molecules so that
individual simple sugars can be
absorbed into the bloodstream.
• The bloodstream carries the
simple sugars to the cell.
• Once inside the cells, simple
sugars are used as fuel in the
process of cellular respiration.
Functions of Carbohydrates
Functions:
Energy Source
• Glucose - the primary source of energy - fuel
for cellular respiration
Energy Storage (short term)
• Glycogen in the liver of animals
• Starch in the structures of plants
Structural Support
• Cellulose forms cell walls in plants
Lipids (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen)
Lipids are a large and varied
group of macromolecules
that are not generally soluble
in water.
Types of lipids:
Fatty Acids
Phospholipid
Triglyceride
• a glycerol
• three fatty acids
•The high number of C-H bonds
makes lipids very energy rich.
Unsaturated
Lipids
Functions
Energy Storage (long-term)
• Animals in colder climates will store more
fats to use as insulation as well as
energy to keep warm
• Stored fats are also used to cushion
vital organs
– Can be used for energy source
when carbohydrates are scarce
Cellular Membrane Structure
• A major component of the cell
membrane is the phospholipid
Building Vitamins and Hormones
• These help regulate our metabolism
Sources
Can be found in oils, meats, and nuts
Proteins (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and sometimes Sulfur)
Proteins are polymers made of amino acid monomers.
Amino group: - NH2
Carboxyl group: - COOH
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Peptide bond
Protein Structure
The building blocks of proteins are amino
acids
• There are 20 different amino acids
12 amino acids are made in the human body. Humans
need to consume the other 8 amino acids from
sources such as nuts, beans, or meat.
The type and function of a protein is determined by the
sequence of amino acids joined together and also the
way they fold together.
Function of Proteins
Proteins are more important as a source of building blocks
than as a source of energy. Proteins can function as an
energy source only if there is a shortage of carbohydrates
or lipids.
Functions:
Structural
• proteins are used for support such as keratin that forms hair and finger
nails.
Transport
• proteins such as hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to the
other parts of the body to be used by cells in cellular respiration.
Hormone
• proteins coordinate body activities
Contractile
• proteins help control movement such as proteins in the muscles
Enzymatic
• proteins accelerate the speed of chemical reactions such as digestive
enzymes
Nucleic Acids (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous)
Nucleic acids are polymers made of nucleotide monomers.
Nitrogenous base
Phosphate group
5-carbon sugar
Nucleic Acids
Function
Store information
• DNA – holds genetic code for an organism
• RNA – makes a copy of DNA in order to make a
protein
Making Models
Make a three-dimensional model of a nucleic acid or a protein.
Include a key of your model showing what each part represents.
Nitrogenous base
Phosphate group
5-carbon sugar